作者: （英）麦克里
译者: 宏恩
ISBN: 9787508045702
页数: 294
定价: 25.0
出版社: 华夏出版社
装帧: 平装
出版年: 2008-1-1
简介 · · · · · ·
本书就诺克斯生平的重大事件、观点、著作以及他在追求信仰和自由的事业中所付出的努力做了详细生动的介绍，深信读者必能从改教者圣洁的一生中受益匪浅。
作者简介 · · · · · ·
約翰·諾克斯
維基百科，自由的百科全書
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目錄[隱藏] |
[編輯] 背景
當宗教改革運動沸沸騰騰之時，蘇格蘭在無能的國王管理下，正處在貧窮、封候間內戰不斷，教會人員亦腐敗的狀態。十五世紀左右，開始有一些大學成立，包括聖安德魯斯、格拉斯哥及亞伯丁等。但在學術上當然無法和歐陸的大學相比。因此有許多年青人到威登堡訪問路德大學，回國後也撒下改教的種子。而路德的著作，以及丁道爾與利威對勒（Coverdale）的英譯聖經開始流傳，因此有些蘇格蘭復原派信徒開始在家中的崇拜與教導。約翰諾克斯（John Knox）就是在這時扮演蘇格蘭最偉大的改教者。[3]
[編輯] 生平與蘇格蘭宗教改革
諾克斯（John Knox）生於1505年至1515年間（較多學者認為1505年），生於合丁敦（Haddington）附近。 [4]。其早年經歷已無詳細資料可考。1955年12月出版的教會偉人故事集中所述，在當時為新教殉道的領袖喬治．魏沙特（George Wishart），將這新教學說感化了這位小學教師——約翰．諾克斯[5]。 諾克斯年輕時，取得了聖安德魯斯大學文學碩士的學位，並開始攻讀神學，但不久他對學校教導感到不耐，並尋求另外的亮光 [6]。魏沙特的殉道，喚起蘇格蘭新教的運動，諾克斯也加入宗教改革運動。魏沙特1546年3月2日被紅衣主教比屯定罪焚死。同年5月29日比屯卻也遭到殺害。這時聖安德魯斯城堡為新教運動者佔領，迫使教廷及帝王連手派兵反攻 [7]。
魏沙特死後，其領導的團體失去了靈魂人物，而一致通過推舉諾克斯為牧師 [8]。當教廷連合法國將聖安德魯斯堡攻陷時，諾克斯被抓至法國的船上當划船奴，受盡虐待約19個月。[9]。到了愛德華六世時，曾經擔任宮廷中的宣教師。瑪利亞繼任時，1554年逃到德國，並轉至日內瓦，在此受加爾文影響很大，作了他的門徒並翻譯英文聖經，稱日內瓦譯本。並得到了英國清教徒的敬重[10] 。1555年諾克斯回到蘇格蘭展開一連串宣講，半年後回到日內瓦。改革事工愈來愈成熟，於1559年5月2日回到了蘇格蘭[11][12][13]。
諾克斯的講道充滿能力，使得所到之處如烈火燎原。以致1560年蘇格蘭國會宣佈改革宗教 [14]。1560年12月召開第一次蘇格蘭大議會，1561年1月就定訂「教會管理法規第一集」，在國會提出，將加爾文所訂的計晝實際的執行於蘇格蘭全國。這時長老宗制度，算是慢慢有了一個初步型式[15]。[16]。[17]。 其間因蘇格蘭女王為公教信徒，使得改教運動有多方的阻礙 [18]。直至1570年蘇格蘭的長老教會才穩定的被建立起。
諾克斯死於1572年11月24日。他的貢獻成就了改教運動，也改善了蘇格蘭整個民族的品格[19]。
[編輯] 主要的神學思想
諾克斯一生中的主要神學思想是來自日內瓦的加爾文，而蘇格蘭卻是加爾文主義實踐的地方，也使得蘇格蘭成為加爾文主義的代表。也因此而將這思想，由英國跨過大西洋傳到美洲及世界各地。今天台灣南部的長老教會，就是屬於蘇格蘭教會體制，北台灣的長老教會才是屬於加拿大差會。所以由現在南台灣長老會教會體制和思想中，可以了解諾克斯思想 [20][21]。 。 諾克斯非常重視崇拜，也欲由公教彌撒的儀式中改革出來。因此於崇拜部份，諾克斯依據日內瓦英國難民教會的禮拜儀式，及加爾文的儀式修正，而寫了「公用儀式 書」（Book of common Order）。認為在崇拜當中應包括了：讀經、講道、唱詩與奉獻。並且在書中也列有禱告的範本以供參考[22]。
[編輯] 主要著作
諾克斯唯一的神學作品為：1560年日內瓦出版所「論預定論」 [23]。但諾克斯因改教需要而訂定了有「教會管理法規」，「公用儀式書」。1560年通過的信經，及1552年克藍麥草擬信經時，由六位神學家審查，諾克斯就是其中的一位 [24]。
[編輯] 參考書目
- ^ Percy（1964年），第158 (facing)頁．
- ^ According to Brown（1895年），第321, Vol. II頁．, this picture is based on the portrait contained in Theodore Beza's Icones. According to Laing（1895年），第ix頁．, Vol. 1, it may have been copied from an older painting at least a century after Knox's death.
- ^ Williston Walker華爾克著，謝受靈譯，『History of the Christian Church基督教會史』（基督教文藝出版社，2005，2月，10版），P644，646
- ^ Williston Walker華爾克著，謝受靈譯，『History of the Christian Church基督教會史』（基督教文藝出版社，2005，2月，10版），p646
- ^ 夏奧理 寇斯蓮 合著，芯如譯，『教會偉人故事集』，（基督教輔僑出版社1955，12月，初版），p34
- ^ John S. C. Abbott約翰 賈德納『Momentous Events form The History of Christianity 基督教歷史上的重大事件』，Edited by Gordon P. Gardiner 歌登 賈德納，譯者：劉秀慧，（錫安堂出版社，1993，10月），P263
- ^ Williston Walker華爾克著，謝受靈譯，『History of the Christian Church基督教會史』（基督教文藝出版社，2005，2月，10版），p646
- ^ 夏奧理 寇斯蓮 合著，芯如譯，『教會偉人故事集』，（基督教輔僑出版社1955，12月，初版），p35,p36
- ^ Williston Walker華爾克著，謝受靈譯，『History of the Christian Church基督教會史』（基督教文藝出版社，2005，2月，10版），p646
- ^ Williston Walker華爾克著，謝受靈譯，『History of the Christian Church基督教會史』（基督教文藝出版社，2005，2月，10版），p646
- ^ B. K. Kuiper祁伯爾，譯者：李林靜芝，『The Church in History歷史的軌跡──二千年教會史』，校園書房出版社，2007，11版，p262，p263
- ^ Sten Bugge穆斯新著，『Liker a Mustard Seed－Church History，像一粒芥菜種－教會史略』（道聲出版社，2001，第三版），P70，p71
*****
Knox, John, 1514?-1572, Scottish religious reformer, founder of Scottish Presbyterianism.
Early Career as a Reformer
Little is recorded of his life before 1545. He probably attended St. Andrews Univ., where he may have become acquainted with some of the new Protestant doctrines. He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood, however, and from 1540 to 1544 was engaged as an ecclesiastical notary and as a private tutor.
By late 1545 Knox had attached himself closely to the reformer George Wishart. When, after Wishart's execution (1546), a group of Protestant conspirators took revenge by murdering Cardinal David Beaton, Knox, now definitely a Protestant, took refuge with them in St. Andrews Castle and preached in the parish church. Attacked by both Scottish and French forces, the castle was eventually surrendered (1547), and Knox served 19 months in the French galleys before his release (1549) through the efforts of the English government of Edward VI.
Knox spent the next few years in England, preaching in Berwick and Newcastle as a licensed minister of the crown and serving briefly as a royal chaplain. He helped to prepare the second Book of Common Prayer, but he declined a bishopric in the newly established Church of England.
Years in Exile
Shortly after the accession (1553) of the Catholic Mary I to the English throne, Knox went into exile on the Continent, living chiefly in Geneva and Frankfurt. In Geneva he consulted with John Calvin on questions of church doctrine and civil authority.
Meanwhile, through his frequent letters, he exerted considerable influence among Protestants in England and Scotland; in his "Faithful Admonition" pamphlet of 1554 he began to urge the duty of the righteous to overthrow "ungodly" monarchs. In 1555-56 he visited Scotland, preaching in private and counseling the Protestant congregations. After his return to Geneva, where he served (1556-58) as pastor to the English congregation, he wrote the First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment [i.e., regimen] of Women. That fiery tract was directed against the Catholic Mary of Guise, regent of Scotland, and Queen Mary of England, but it also alienated the Protestant Elizabeth I, who succeeded to the English throne in 1558.
The Scottish Reformation
In 1557 the Scottish Protestant nobles signed their First Covenant, banding together to form the group known as the lords of the congregation (see Scotland, Church of). When, in 1559, Mary of Guise moved against the Protestants, the lords of the congregation took up arms and invited Knox back from Geneva to lead them. Aided by England and by the regent's death in 1560, the reformers forced the withdrawal of the French troops that had come to Mary's aid and won their freedom as well as dominance for the new religion.
Under Knox's direction, a confession of faith (basically Calvinist) was drawn up (1560) and passed by the Scottish Parliament, which also passed laws abolishing the authority of the pope and condemning all creeds and practices of the old religion. The Book of Discipline, however, which provided an organizational structure for the new church, failed to get adequate approval from the nobles in 1561.
When Mary Queen of Scots arrived from France to assume her crown in the same year, many Protestant lords deserted Knox and his cause, and some even joined the queen. From his pulpit and in personal debates with Mary on questions of theology and the loyalty owed by the subject to his monarch, Knox stubbornly defied Mary's authority and thundered against her religion. The queen's marriage to Lord Darnley, her suspected complicity in his murder, and her hasty marriage to James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, stirred the Protestant lords to revolt. Mary was forced to abdicate (1567) in favor of her young son, James VI. All the acts of 1560 were then confirmed, thereby establishing Presbyterianism as the official religion.
Despite the ill health of his last years, Knox continued to be an outspoken preacher until his death. It has been said of Knox that "rarely has any country produced a stronger will." His single-minded zeal made him the outstanding leader of the Scottish Reformation and an important influence on the Protestant movements in England and on the Continent, but the same quality tended to close his mind to divergent views. His History of the Reformation in Scotland, finished in 1564 but published in 1584 after his death, is a striking record of that conflict, but includes a number of misstatements and omissions resulting from his strong bias.
Bibliography
The standard edition of Knox's works is that edited by D. Laing (6 vol., 1846-64, repr. 1967). See biographies by E. S. C. Percy (1937, repr. 1965), J. G. Ridley (1968), and W. S. Reid (1974); J. S. McEwen, The Faith of John Knox (1961); S. W. Reid, Trumpeter of God (1974, repr. 1982); G. B. Smith and D. Martin, John Knox: Apostle of the Scottish Reformation (1982).
