追憶大屠殺、坦克、人
作者:廖亦武(中國流亡作家、詩人、德國書業和平獎得主)
二十五年前,天安門大屠殺發生之前,父親對我說:「兒子,好好在家呆著,共產黨不是好惹的。」
父 親是過來人,歷經數不清的政治運動,膽子被嚇破了。比如解放初期,在他的老家鹽亭,幾分鐘就槍斃了幾十個惡霸地主,有人不過癮,還揮舞大刀,將破碎的頭顱 一顆顆剁下來,踢下河岸。人頭就這樣,接二連三地漂遠了,如同時間,如同總是在下一個渡口等待最新的人頭漂過去的夕陽。父親丟下勤勞致富的地主爺爺,連夜 逃走了,從此沒說過共產黨一句壞話。哪怕遭遇大饑荒,全中國餓死近四千萬人,他的小兒子我也氣息奄奄了,他也忍住不說。那是怎樣的非人間啊,許多人吃草、 吃樹皮、吃一種帶鹹腥味兒的粘土(又被稱作觀音土),如果碰巧吃著一根大地深處的蚯蚓,就算了不起的美味兒。許多人因吃觀音土被活活撐死。我奶奶也是這時 候咽氣的,爺爺將骨瘦如柴的她夾在腋下,在坡上隨便刨個坑就埋了-可中國人民的偉大救星毛澤東還拒不承認錯誤。
更為荒唐的,是將大饑荒的 罪責推給前蘇聯,於是,苟延殘喘的老百姓全都仇恨前蘇聯,只因為狗娘養的「修正主義」在關鍵時刻撤走專家,中止了國際援助-他的副手劉少奇實在看不下去, 不禁嘀咕了句「餓死這麼多人,歷史要記載的」,於是倒大霉,在稍後的文化大革命中被秘密監禁,並在秘密監禁中被活活餓死,以此驗證了「病從口入,禍從口 出」的古訓。
可二十五年前,毛澤東早死了,我才三十來歲,是從精神和行動上追隨美國垮掉一代的無政府詩人,信奉「在路上」,我不相信父親 那樣的過來人。而全國幾十個大城市的幾千萬示威者,大多數比我更年輕,更不會汲取父輩的教訓。特別是二十歲左右的首都大學生,號稱天之驕子,已經佔據天安 門廣場幾十天,在全世界的關注下,過足了民主和自由的「毒癮」-可父親的話還是應驗了,共產黨開槍了,坦克碾壓過來,我在驚恐萬狀中朗誦了《大屠殺》: 「打穿腦殼!燒焦頭皮!讓漿汁迸出來。靈魂迸出來。濺向立交橋、門樓、欄杆!濺向大馬路!濺向天空變成星星!逃跑的星星!長著兩條人腿的星星!天地顛倒 了。人類都戴著亮晶晶的帽子。亮晶晶的鋼盔。有支軍隊從月球裏殺出來!掃射!掃射!掃射!多好玩啊!人類和星星一起倒下。一起逃跑。分不出彼此。追到雲上 去!追到地縫和皮肉裏去掃射!把靈魂再打一個洞!把星星再打一個洞…。」
可父親的話只應驗了一半,自1949年以來,共產黨造成近一億人的非正常死亡,大家不僅忍辱偷生,還私下慶幸自己命大。也許有過零星反抗,但官方嚴禁記錄,久而久之就再沒人記得-而這次,中國老百姓終於集體反擊,一雪國恥。
2012 年深秋,我在德國和台灣同時出版《子彈鴉片-天安門大屠殺的生與死》,公布了十幾個企圖阻止戒嚴部隊行兇的「六四暴徒」,他們像原始人類那樣可笑地對抗國 家絞肉機,他們的主要「兇器」是棍棒、石塊與火。坦克人王維林由此在這場不均等的對抗中浮現,中國人面對大屠殺的英勇震撼了全球。我在《子彈鴉片》裡寫 道:「那天晚上,至少有上百萬手無寸鐵的『暴徒』與全副武裝的軍人對峙。開頭是一輛接一輛的坦克和裝甲車開道,碰著路障,就直接碾過去;後來就開槍掃射 了,大伙兒發出陣陣驚叫,一片槍聲一片血,人如亂草,嘎嘎被割下地。
有個坐牢近二十年的「暴徒」說:「西方人只知道王維林,因為他一個人 站大街中央擋坦克。一長串坦克,突突突冒著煙,像不斷放屁的巨型甲殼蟲,左繞右繞,硬是被這個人給擋下。你是鋼鐵我是血肉,壓過來呀,王八蛋!這個鏡頭進 入了歷史,因為湊巧被外國記者攝到。據說美國老布希總統看了實況轉播,也忍不住流淚了。可是那一夜,中國有無數個王維林,沒有被鏡頭記錄下來。」
坦 克人王維林不是學生領袖,不是知識精英,此前沒引起任何注意,他留下那個短暫畫面,成為一個不可磨滅的歷史象徵之後,就被人脅裹而去。因為六四流亡海外的 中國人超過十萬,香港社會發起營救政府通緝犯的「黃雀行動」持續了數年,王維林都不在名單上。經《子彈鴉片》中若干個被判重刑的六四暴徒證實,監獄內也從 未聽說過有王維林。
我的父親在2002年秋天去世,最後一瞬,他說不出話來,可眼睛牢牢盯住他的政治犯小兒子。警察曾在他的眼皮下搜查我、帶走我許多次,他死也不放心。也許他死也要重複「共產黨是不好惹的」-王維林的人間蒸發就再一次證明。
二 十五年眨眼過去,我們都有些老了,圖片中的王維林還那樣年輕。遠遠望去,那白襯衣如夏日的百合花,純潔無瑕。坦克在百合花前卻步,構成穿越歷史的詩意。而 在可歌可泣的詩意的另一面,近三千個生命被剝奪,被淡忘。在《子彈鴉片》裡,我再次整理丁子霖教授和天安門母親群體數年蒐集的《死亡名單》,其中有九歲的 呂鵬,僅僅因為深夜被槍聲吵醒,悄悄溜出門,就被流彈擊斃;有二十二歲的夏之蕾,一位來自南方的大學女生,六四淩晨四點多,她隨學生長隊從天安門廣場撤 退,走到東單時,槍聲大作,她踉蹌倒地說:「快點!快點!找個地方歇歇。我好像是中彈了。」接著,從她緊捂著胸膛的指縫中,熱血一股股湧出。幾位女同學脫 下她的襯衣,發現左乳下中了一槍。血一直在湧。當時一片混亂,昏暗之中,戒嚴部隊正從四面八方合圍過來。大伙兒別無他途,只得抱起昏迷的如花的她,向前走 著,走著。幾分鐘後,迴光返照,她突然從昏迷中醒轉來,沖著悲淒的大伙兒,開了最後一個玩笑:「同學們!我的花季結束了。夏之蕾本來就是夏天的花蕾,凋謝 得快嘛。」
二十五年了,槍聲遠了,血也枯了,全世界還在追憶六四,就如一個人不斷抬頭望天上的星星,有疲倦,有忘卻,甚至有懷疑。但這逐 漸成為人類的記憶財富,因為1989年是世界歷史分界線,共產陣營瓦解以中國人的流血開始,在西方各種文史檔案裡,有關六四屠殺的證據累積如山-誰會料 到,五月的中國首都,竟然爆出因追憶六四而集體入獄的大案-在電影學院教授郝建家中,在十幾位知識精英舉辦「研討會」之後,全部被警察抓捕。其中五人,因 「罪行嚴重」被羈押至今。他們是維權律師浦志強、社會學家徐友漁、前政治犯胡石根、八○後網絡作家劉荻,及六四死難者家屬的郝建。
此 案在國內外激起新聞狂瀾。在家中追憶六四,跟寫反動日記差不多性質,如果這也犯了「尋釁滋事罪」,那就退回到「思想犯罪」的毛時代了。這幾天在波蘭接受採 訪時,因感覺離奇荒謬,我就講了發生在毛時代的一則故事:「有一對夫妻做愛,丈夫為了延長快感,就一邊抽送一邊高呼『毛主席萬歲』,他高呼幾百遍,的確延 緩了射精。卻不料隔牆有耳,革命鄰居們立馬舉報。火速招來警察,兩口子也被破門而入的警察當場拿獲,隨之痛毆,隨之判以反革命宣傳煽動罪,勞改四年。」
翻譯和記者都忍不住笑,跟著又感覺對不住六四死難者和新近入獄者。記者說:「廖先生,您這是謠言吧?」
我說:「在家中追憶歷史叫『尋釁滋事』,這聽起來才像謠言。」
記者說:「那麼,請問,中國是進步了還是倒退了?」
我說:「沒進步也沒倒退,而是轟隆一聲騰飛了。」
記者說:「我理解。可坦克人王維林和你的《子彈鴉片》都不會轟隆一聲飛走的。」
二十五年前,天安門大屠殺發生之前,父親對我說:「兒子,好好在家呆著,共產黨不是好惹的。」
父 親是過來人,歷經數不清的政治運動,膽子被嚇破了。比如解放初期,在他的老家鹽亭,幾分鐘就槍斃了幾十個惡霸地主,有人不過癮,還揮舞大刀,將破碎的頭顱 一顆顆剁下來,踢下河岸。人頭就這樣,接二連三地漂遠了,如同時間,如同總是在下一個渡口等待最新的人頭漂過去的夕陽。父親丟下勤勞致富的地主爺爺,連夜 逃走了,從此沒說過共產黨一句壞話。哪怕遭遇大饑荒,全中國餓死近四千萬人,他的小兒子我也氣息奄奄了,他也忍住不說。那是怎樣的非人間啊,許多人吃草、 吃樹皮、吃一種帶鹹腥味兒的粘土(又被稱作觀音土),如果碰巧吃著一根大地深處的蚯蚓,就算了不起的美味兒。許多人因吃觀音土被活活撐死。我奶奶也是這時 候咽氣的,爺爺將骨瘦如柴的她夾在腋下,在坡上隨便刨個坑就埋了-可中國人民的偉大救星毛澤東還拒不承認錯誤。
更為荒唐的,是將大饑荒的 罪責推給前蘇聯,於是,苟延殘喘的老百姓全都仇恨前蘇聯,只因為狗娘養的「修正主義」在關鍵時刻撤走專家,中止了國際援助-他的副手劉少奇實在看不下去, 不禁嘀咕了句「餓死這麼多人,歷史要記載的」,於是倒大霉,在稍後的文化大革命中被秘密監禁,並在秘密監禁中被活活餓死,以此驗證了「病從口入,禍從口 出」的古訓。
可二十五年前,毛澤東早死了,我才三十來歲,是從精神和行動上追隨美國垮掉一代的無政府詩人,信奉「在路上」,我不相信父親 那樣的過來人。而全國幾十個大城市的幾千萬示威者,大多數比我更年輕,更不會汲取父輩的教訓。特別是二十歲左右的首都大學生,號稱天之驕子,已經佔據天安 門廣場幾十天,在全世界的關注下,過足了民主和自由的「毒癮」-可父親的話還是應驗了,共產黨開槍了,坦克碾壓過來,我在驚恐萬狀中朗誦了《大屠殺》: 「打穿腦殼!燒焦頭皮!讓漿汁迸出來。靈魂迸出來。濺向立交橋、門樓、欄杆!濺向大馬路!濺向天空變成星星!逃跑的星星!長著兩條人腿的星星!天地顛倒 了。人類都戴著亮晶晶的帽子。亮晶晶的鋼盔。有支軍隊從月球裏殺出來!掃射!掃射!掃射!多好玩啊!人類和星星一起倒下。一起逃跑。分不出彼此。追到雲上 去!追到地縫和皮肉裏去掃射!把靈魂再打一個洞!把星星再打一個洞…。」
可父親的話只應驗了一半,自1949年以來,共產黨造成近一億人的非正常死亡,大家不僅忍辱偷生,還私下慶幸自己命大。也許有過零星反抗,但官方嚴禁記錄,久而久之就再沒人記得-而這次,中國老百姓終於集體反擊,一雪國恥。
2012 年深秋,我在德國和台灣同時出版《子彈鴉片-天安門大屠殺的生與死》,公布了十幾個企圖阻止戒嚴部隊行兇的「六四暴徒」,他們像原始人類那樣可笑地對抗國 家絞肉機,他們的主要「兇器」是棍棒、石塊與火。坦克人王維林由此在這場不均等的對抗中浮現,中國人面對大屠殺的英勇震撼了全球。我在《子彈鴉片》裡寫 道:「那天晚上,至少有上百萬手無寸鐵的『暴徒』與全副武裝的軍人對峙。開頭是一輛接一輛的坦克和裝甲車開道,碰著路障,就直接碾過去;後來就開槍掃射 了,大伙兒發出陣陣驚叫,一片槍聲一片血,人如亂草,嘎嘎被割下地。
有個坐牢近二十年的「暴徒」說:「西方人只知道王維林,因為他一個人 站大街中央擋坦克。一長串坦克,突突突冒著煙,像不斷放屁的巨型甲殼蟲,左繞右繞,硬是被這個人給擋下。你是鋼鐵我是血肉,壓過來呀,王八蛋!這個鏡頭進 入了歷史,因為湊巧被外國記者攝到。據說美國老布希總統看了實況轉播,也忍不住流淚了。可是那一夜,中國有無數個王維林,沒有被鏡頭記錄下來。」
坦 克人王維林不是學生領袖,不是知識精英,此前沒引起任何注意,他留下那個短暫畫面,成為一個不可磨滅的歷史象徵之後,就被人脅裹而去。因為六四流亡海外的 中國人超過十萬,香港社會發起營救政府通緝犯的「黃雀行動」持續了數年,王維林都不在名單上。經《子彈鴉片》中若干個被判重刑的六四暴徒證實,監獄內也從 未聽說過有王維林。
我的父親在2002年秋天去世,最後一瞬,他說不出話來,可眼睛牢牢盯住他的政治犯小兒子。警察曾在他的眼皮下搜查我、帶走我許多次,他死也不放心。也許他死也要重複「共產黨是不好惹的」-王維林的人間蒸發就再一次證明。
二 十五年眨眼過去,我們都有些老了,圖片中的王維林還那樣年輕。遠遠望去,那白襯衣如夏日的百合花,純潔無瑕。坦克在百合花前卻步,構成穿越歷史的詩意。而 在可歌可泣的詩意的另一面,近三千個生命被剝奪,被淡忘。在《子彈鴉片》裡,我再次整理丁子霖教授和天安門母親群體數年蒐集的《死亡名單》,其中有九歲的 呂鵬,僅僅因為深夜被槍聲吵醒,悄悄溜出門,就被流彈擊斃;有二十二歲的夏之蕾,一位來自南方的大學女生,六四淩晨四點多,她隨學生長隊從天安門廣場撤 退,走到東單時,槍聲大作,她踉蹌倒地說:「快點!快點!找個地方歇歇。我好像是中彈了。」接著,從她緊捂著胸膛的指縫中,熱血一股股湧出。幾位女同學脫 下她的襯衣,發現左乳下中了一槍。血一直在湧。當時一片混亂,昏暗之中,戒嚴部隊正從四面八方合圍過來。大伙兒別無他途,只得抱起昏迷的如花的她,向前走 著,走著。幾分鐘後,迴光返照,她突然從昏迷中醒轉來,沖著悲淒的大伙兒,開了最後一個玩笑:「同學們!我的花季結束了。夏之蕾本來就是夏天的花蕾,凋謝 得快嘛。」
二十五年了,槍聲遠了,血也枯了,全世界還在追憶六四,就如一個人不斷抬頭望天上的星星,有疲倦,有忘卻,甚至有懷疑。但這逐 漸成為人類的記憶財富,因為1989年是世界歷史分界線,共產陣營瓦解以中國人的流血開始,在西方各種文史檔案裡,有關六四屠殺的證據累積如山-誰會料 到,五月的中國首都,竟然爆出因追憶六四而集體入獄的大案-在電影學院教授郝建家中,在十幾位知識精英舉辦「研討會」之後,全部被警察抓捕。其中五人,因 「罪行嚴重」被羈押至今。他們是維權律師浦志強、社會學家徐友漁、前政治犯胡石根、八○後網絡作家劉荻,及六四死難者家屬的郝建。
此 案在國內外激起新聞狂瀾。在家中追憶六四,跟寫反動日記差不多性質,如果這也犯了「尋釁滋事罪」,那就退回到「思想犯罪」的毛時代了。這幾天在波蘭接受採 訪時,因感覺離奇荒謬,我就講了發生在毛時代的一則故事:「有一對夫妻做愛,丈夫為了延長快感,就一邊抽送一邊高呼『毛主席萬歲』,他高呼幾百遍,的確延 緩了射精。卻不料隔牆有耳,革命鄰居們立馬舉報。火速招來警察,兩口子也被破門而入的警察當場拿獲,隨之痛毆,隨之判以反革命宣傳煽動罪,勞改四年。」
翻譯和記者都忍不住笑,跟著又感覺對不住六四死難者和新近入獄者。記者說:「廖先生,您這是謠言吧?」
我說:「在家中追憶歷史叫『尋釁滋事』,這聽起來才像謠言。」
記者說:「那麼,請問,中國是進步了還是倒退了?」
我說:「沒進步也沒倒退,而是轟隆一聲騰飛了。」
記者說:「我理解。可坦克人王維林和你的《子彈鴉片》都不會轟隆一聲飛走的。」
呼吸鞦韆給赫塔.米勒鐫刻在書中的那些歲月,
給已在天上的奧斯卡.帕斯提歐爾。
走吧,
你這失去家的人;
走吧,
你這只剩下呼吸的人。
鞦韆,鞦韆,
饑餓裡的鞦韆,
擺盪,擺盪,
誰的亡靈在擺盪?
走吧,
你這變成風的人;
走吧,
你這只剩下心跳的人。
鞦韆,鞦韆,
雲端裡的鞦韆,
擺盪,擺盪,
誰的記憶在擺盪?
明天是中國傳統的大年三十,老廖深夜獨酌,回憶起2011年從越南逃到德國,8月17號在柏林劇場舉行監獄自傳《為了一首歌和一百首歌》新書發布會,柏林文學節主席烏里主持,赫塔 米勒致辭。我平生第一次在公開場合朗誦作於1989年六四淩晨的《大屠殺》,聽眾1500多,簽名售書500多本。
這張著名攝影師的圖片,和赫塔 米勒的致辭,於次日發表於《法蘭克福匯報》。幾個月後,我譜寫了之後經常演出的洞簫和大提琴的協奏曲《呼吸鞦韆》。
Der chinesische Dissident Liao Yiwu am 17.08.2011 im Haus der Berliner Festspiele während er sein Gedicht “Massacre” vorträgt, das natürlich vom “Massaker auf dem Tian’anmen-Platz” 1989 handelt. Das Erscheinen seines neuesten Buchs “Für ein Lied und hundert Lieder” (S. Fischer) bezahlte er mit dem Bleiberecht in seiner Heimat. Das Buch handelt von seiner vierjährigen Zeit als Gefangener. Seit Anfang Juli lebt Yiwu im Berliner Exil. Foto: Barbara Klemm
Poet’s Nightmare in Chinese Prison
April 18, 2013
BRUSSELS — Liao Yiwu was a reluctant dissident.
A Chinese poet and storyteller nourished on Beat generation literature, he picked fights, drank to excess and despised politics.
中國異見詩人的獄中夢魘
ELAINE SCIOLINO 2013年04月18日
Then came the Tiananmen crackdown. Mr. Liao was transformed. He composed and recorded a poem of fury and frustration called “Massacre.” He joined with friends to make a film called “Requiem” — to appease the souls of the dead.
He was arrested in 1990 as a counterrevolutionary and endured four years of beatings, torture, hunger and humiliations in a series of prisons. After being denied an exit permit 16 times and facing new threats of imprisonment for his writing, he slipped across the border into Vietnam in 2011 and made his way to Berlin, where he still lives.
Now Mr. Liao’s prison memoir, “For a Song and a Hundred Songs: A Poet’s Journey Through a Chinese Prison,” has appeared in the West. Banned in China, it has been a best seller and prizewinner in Germany; has won critical acclaim in a French-language edition; and is being translated into Czech, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. An English-language version will be published by New Harvest in June. Mr. Liao will be in New York for the publication and is to give a lecture at the New York Public Library on June 13.
“I believe in history, in writing down history, so it doesn’t disappear or get angry with us,” he said in late March in an interview here, where he was participating in a literary festival. “I have had many dreams about people who have been dead a long time, but their souls are still among us.”
Dressed in sober black pants, a black shirt and an anorak, his head shaved, his skin unlined and unblemished, Mr. Liao, 54, wears his scars inside.
“My life is better now than it has ever been,” he said in Chinese through an interpreter. “But the Tiananmen massacre is part of my life. I can never escape it.”
Mr. Liao (pronounced lee-YOW) began his memoir in 1990 on the backs of envelopes and scraps of paper his family smuggled into prison. He managed to sneak out his manuscript when he was released. But twice it was confiscated, and he had to reconstruct it from memory both times.
The title refers to an incident in prison when he broke the rules by singing; as punishment, he was ordered to sing 100 songs. When his voice gave out, he was tortured with electric shocks from a baton inserted into his anus.
“I felt like a duck whose feathers were being stripped,” he writes.
In the book he describes the rigid hierarchy the prisoners created for themselves. At the top was a chief with enforcers, a housekeeper and cabinet members; at the bottom were several groups of “slaves,” including “hot water thieves” who brought the upper classes hot water and gave massages; “laundry thieves,” who washed clothes and crushed fleas in the bedding; and young, handsome “entertainment thieves” who sang, danced and performed skits and sex acts with the leaders. As a political prisoner, Mr. Liao was fortunate to be placed in the “middle class,” a status that came with certain privileges — he could bring his meals back to the cell and eat at his own pace, for example — and that spared him some of the abuse suffered by the underclasses.
Early on the chief gave him a long menu of “dishes” of torture, to choose what to be served if he disobeyed an order. Among them were “Sichuan-style smoked duck” (the enforcer burns the inmate’s pubic hair and penis tip); “noodles in a clear broth” (the inmate eats a soup of toilet paper and urine); and “naked sculpture” (the inmate stands naked and strikes different poses ordered by the chief).
Mr. Liao’s most terrible prison memory was not of torture, deprivation or even watching fellow inmates sent for execution. It was of a failed suicide attempt. Handcuffed, bound with ropes and subjected to electric shocks, he decided to kill himself. He hurled his body forward, hitting his head into a wall.
“All the prisoners accused me of faking it, of being a good actor,” he said during the interview. “Nobody believed I wanted to die. I was angry — terribly, terribly angry. Nobody cared.”
Along the way Mr. Liao learned survival skills. A fellow prisoner taught him to stand on his head as a form of exercise and relaxation. Another, a Buddhist monk in his 80s, taught him to play the xiao, an ancient, flutelike instrument. Another made writing pens from bits of bamboo and wood. Another, a Bible-reading inmate, looked out for him and gave him wisdom.
Even now, he experiences a recurring nightmare. “I am flying and I see people on the ground with guns and knives running after me,” he said. “But I am a bird without legs, and when I can’t fly anymore, I fall to the ground. The people come nearer and nearer, and as soon as they are about to attack, I wake up filled with terror.”
For Mr. Liao, the awarding of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature to Mo Yan was a travesty. “Imagine you’ve had a massacre perpetrated by the Communist Party in your country, and someone gives a prize to a state poet,” he said. “Have you seen anything so shocking?”
He sees his mission as a storyteller of human suffering, not as a reformer striving for change in what he calls the “foul pigsty” that is China. “I have no interest in what China will become,” he said. “My suggestion would be that China crumbles into dozens of little countries so that it would no longer be the terrible menace it is now.”
For now Mr. Liao, best known in the West for a collection of stories about China’s downtrodden called “The Corpse Walker,” is enjoying his international celebrity. “For a Song and a Hundred Songs” won the German Book Trade’s Peace Prize last fall. During a recent visit to Paris he gave 30 interviews to journalists, and sang and played a Tibetan singing bowl at the Palais de Tokyo.
He is also at work on his next book, a history of his extended family. He writes in long spurts at night in a modest garden apartment he owns in the comfortable Westend neighborhood of Berlin. It is furnished with a bed, a table, a cooking pot and a teakettle.
He confesses that he took German lessons for three months but has given them up and that he spends much of his spare time socializing with other Chinese exiles.
He keeps in touch with his mother and others in China through Skype. Divorced from his Chinese wife, he has spent less than two months with his daughter, now in her 20s.
“That’s a very sad part of my life,” he said. “What can I do? Our feelings have been completely destroyed.”
He paused, then asked, “Do you think I’m lonely?”
"他的名字在中国不愿被提及。但是他本人却提到许多人的名字以及对这些人犯下的罪行。他的书《子弹与鸦片》是墓志铭,证词,备忘录,同时也是对大屠杀的控诉。"
对六四的专题报道
在他的"为一首歌和一百首歌"这本书中,廖亦武描述了他在监狱中所遭受的严酷虐待。在他的新书《证人》中,他描述的是他人所遭受的痛苦和暴行。在这本书中,他成为六四民运的起源及后果的见证人。
世界报的文章接着写道:
"这位作者愿意出来作证,因为他认为自己可以不再做诗人,但是必须做证明材料的收集人。他是被压制真相的揭露者,是他让真相曝光于光天化日之下。"
中国大使缺席颁奖典礼
10月14日,包括德国总统高克在内的多名德国政要和各界代表出席了在 法兰克福圣保罗教堂举行的隆重颁奖仪式,但是中国驻德大使则没有在颁奖仪式上露面。《南德意志报》发表评论说:
"中国大使当然不会前来参加在圣保罗教堂举行的颁奖仪式。因为自从廖亦武写诗描述1989年6月4日天安门广场大屠杀以来,他就被中国政府视为国家的敌人。廖亦武的书在中国被禁止,如今,就连提及他的名字在中国都是一个忌讳。"
"这个帝国必须分裂"
在美因河畔法兰克福的圣保罗教堂举行的颁奖仪式上,廖亦武发表的演讲赢得全场热烈的掌声。《南德意志报》的文章说:"获奖者的讲话可能会让中国国家安全局
的监督人员和外交部的官员惊吓得打寒颤。仅凭他发言稿的题目"这个帝国必须分裂"就足以构成对中国当局的一个挑战。"《南德意志报》文学主编洛文贝格(
Lovenbergs)说,廖亦武的书《为一首歌和一百首歌》描述了他在监狱中度过的4年铁窗生活。其震撼效果不亚于索尔仁尼琴(Alexander
Solschenizyn)的"古拉格群岛"。因此,他能够在柏林得到庇护,实在是幸运。
编译:李京慧 责编:雨涵
------
一個藝術天才的成長簡史 (關於藏傳佛教第十七世噶瑪巴與柏林文學節的故事)
A Chinese poet and storyteller nourished on Beat generation literature, he picked fights, drank to excess and despised politics.
中國異見詩人的獄中夢魘
ELAINE SCIOLINO 2013年04月18日
Colin Delfosse for The New York Times
流亡中國詩人、作家廖亦武於3月訪問布魯塞爾。他現居德國,他的回憶錄《證詞》將於6月在美國出版英文版。
布魯塞爾——廖亦武是一個頑強的異見分子。
作為一個浸淫於“垮掉派”文學的中國詩人和小說家,他曾經喜歡打架,毫無節制的飲酒,並鄙薄政治。
“我對群眾運動或者外國輸入的民主、自由、人權和愛之類東西根本不感興趣,”他在1989年北京主張民主的學生運動上這樣宣布,“如果破壞是不可避免的,那就讓它來吧。”
之後是天安門廣場上的鎮壓。廖亦武的看法轉變了,他寫了一首充滿憤怒與挫敗感的長詩《大屠殺》,並將其朗誦錄音。他還和朋友們一起拍了一部名叫《安魂》的電影——安撫那些死者的靈魂。
1990年,他以反革命罪名被逮捕,在各種監獄中忍受了4年毆打、刑訊、飢餓與羞辱。第16次要求出國被拒絕後,他再度因為自己的寫作面臨入獄的威脅,2011年,他逃入越南邊境,之後前往柏林,現在仍然生活在那裡。
如今廖亦武的獄中生活回憶錄《證詞》(英譯《一首歌和一百首歌:詩人的中國監獄之旅》[For a Song and a Hundred Songs: A Poet’s Journey Through a Chinese Prison])在西方可以讀到了。這本中國的禁書在德國成了暢銷書,並獲得大獎;法語版也獲得了評論界的稱讚;還被翻譯成捷克語、意大利語、波蘭語、葡 萄牙語、西班牙語和瑞典語。英文版將於6月由New Harvest出版社出版。6月13日,廖亦武將赴紐約參加發行儀式,並在紐約公共圖書館做一次演講。
“我相信歷史,相信寫下來的歷史,這樣它就不會消失或是生我們的氣,”3月底他在這裡參加了一次文學節,在接受採訪時這樣說道,“我曾經多次夢見那些已經逝去的人們,但他們的靈魂仍然與我們同在。”
54歲的廖亦武穿着素凈的黑色褲子、黑色T恤和帶風帽的夾克衫,頭髮推成光頭,皮膚白凈平整,但他內心卻有很多傷痕。
“我的生活現在比以前好多了,”他通過一個翻譯,用中文回答問題,“但是天安門屠殺是我生命中的一部分。我永遠不可能逃避它。”
廖亦武從1990年開始在家人偷送進監獄的信封背面和廢紙上撰寫回憶錄。他被釋放時想辦法把手稿也帶了出去,但書稿兩次遭到沒收,兩次他都必須憑記憶重新寫出來。
英文書名來自獄中發生的一件事,當時他違背獄規唱起歌來;作為懲罰,他被勒令唱100首歌。他嗓子啞了,獄警就用電棍插入他的肛門電擊他。
“我感覺就像一隻被拔毛的鴨子,”他寫道。
在這本書里,他描述了囚犯們森嚴的自創等級制度。頂層是一個頭領,手下有打手、管家和內閣成員;底層則是幾群“奴隸”,包括“熱水賊”,負責為上層 打開水和按摩;“洗衣賊”,負責洗衣服和清理被褥里的虱子;還有年輕英俊的“娛樂賊”,負責為領袖表演歌舞小品,並提供性服務。作為政治犯,廖先生幸運地 進入了“中層階級”,享有一定特權——比如可以把三餐帶回囚室自己用餐——這讓他可以免受下層階級遭受的一些虐待。
早先,那個頭領給了他一份長長的“菜單”,上面都是各種折磨方式,如果他違背命令,可以選擇以什麼樣的方式受罰。其中有“川味煙熏鴨”(打手去燒犯人的陰毛和龜頭),“清湯掛麵”(犯人吃一碗廁紙和小便做的湯)和“裸體雕塑”(犯人裸體站立,擺出各種頭領要求的姿勢)。
關於牢獄生活,廖先生最恐怖的記憶並不是酷刑和被剝奪自由,甚至也不是看着同獄犯人被帶出去執行死刑;而是一次失敗的自殺。他被銬着,用繩索捆綁接受電擊,於是決定自殺,向前沖以頭撞牆。
“所有犯人都指責我假裝自殺,是個好演員,”他在採訪中說,“沒有人相信我真想死。我很憤怒——非常非常憤怒。沒有人在乎。”
廖亦武漸漸學會了一些生存技能。一個同獄犯人教會他用頭倒立,作為鍛煉和放鬆的方式。另一個同獄犯人是個80多歲的和尚,他教會廖先生吹簫,那是一種古老的,笛子式的樂器。還有一個犯人會用竹子和木頭的碎片自製鋼筆。還有一個犯人讀聖經,他照顧廖亦武,給了他智慧。
直到現在,他還經常做噩夢。“我在天上飛,看見地面上的人帶着槍和刀子追我,”他說,“但我不是一隻沒有腳的鳥,等我飛不動了,就落到地上。那些人越來越近,他們就要來攻擊我了,這時我就會滿心恐懼地醒來。”
廖亦武覺得2012年諾貝爾文學獎頒發給莫言是一種嘲弄。“想像你的國家發生了一場共產黨帶來的大屠殺,然後有人給這個國家的御用詩人頒了一個獎,”他說,“你見過這麼驚人的事情嗎?”
他覺得自己的任務就是講述人類苦難的故事,而不是做個改革者,努力去改變中國,這個被他稱為“骯髒的豬圈”的地方。“我對中國會變成什麼樣不感興趣,”他說,“我的建議就是中國應當分裂成幾十個小國,這樣就不會像現在這樣成為可怕的威脅。”
如今,廖亦武在西方以一本《中國底層訪談錄》(英譯為《行屍走肉》[The Corpse Walker])享有國際性聲譽。《證詞》去年秋天獲得了德國的書業和平獎。近期他去巴黎期間接受了30次記者採訪,並在東京宮表演了唱歌和西藏頌缽。
此外他還在創作新書,是關於自己大家族的歷史。他現在在柏林舒適的西區擁有一棟小小的花園公寓,屋裡有一張床、一張桌子、一個烹飪的鍋和茶壺。夜晚他就在那裡帶着長久的激情寫作。
他承認三個月來他一直在上德語課,但還是放棄了,現在他的空餘時間大部分是與中國流亡者們交往。
他通過Skype和中國的其他親友保持聯繫。他和中國的妻子已經離婚,同自己的女兒相處的時間只有不到兩個月,她現在已經20多歲了。
“這是我生活中最悲哀的部分,”他說,“我能怎麼辦?我們的感情已經徹底破裂了。”
他停頓了一下,問,“你覺得我孤獨嗎?”
“I have never taken an interest in mass movements or foreign imports
such as democracy, freedom, human rights and love,” he declared as the
student pro-democracy movement unfolded in Beijing in 1989. “If
destruction is inevitable, let it be.”作為一個浸淫於“垮掉派”文學的中國詩人和小說家,他曾經喜歡打架,毫無節制的飲酒,並鄙薄政治。
之後是天安門廣場上的鎮壓。廖亦武的看法轉變了,他寫了一首充滿憤怒與挫敗感的長詩《大屠殺》,並將其朗誦錄音。他還和朋友們一起拍了一部名叫《安魂》的電影——安撫那些死者的靈魂。
1990年,他以反革命罪名被逮捕,在各種監獄中忍受了4年毆打、刑訊、飢餓與羞辱。第16次要求出國被拒絕後,他再度因為自己的寫作面臨入獄的威脅,2011年,他逃入越南邊境,之後前往柏林,現在仍然生活在那裡。
如今廖亦武的獄中生活回憶錄《證詞》(英譯《一首歌和一百首歌:詩人的中國監獄之旅》[For a Song and a Hundred Songs: A Poet’s Journey Through a Chinese Prison])在西方可以讀到了。這本中國的禁書在德國成了暢銷書,並獲得大獎;法語版也獲得了評論界的稱讚;還被翻譯成捷克語、意大利語、波蘭語、葡 萄牙語、西班牙語和瑞典語。英文版將於6月由New Harvest出版社出版。6月13日,廖亦武將赴紐約參加發行儀式,並在紐約公共圖書館做一次演講。
“我相信歷史,相信寫下來的歷史,這樣它就不會消失或是生我們的氣,”3月底他在這裡參加了一次文學節,在接受採訪時這樣說道,“我曾經多次夢見那些已經逝去的人們,但他們的靈魂仍然與我們同在。”
54歲的廖亦武穿着素凈的黑色褲子、黑色T恤和帶風帽的夾克衫,頭髮推成光頭,皮膚白凈平整,但他內心卻有很多傷痕。
“我的生活現在比以前好多了,”他通過一個翻譯,用中文回答問題,“但是天安門屠殺是我生命中的一部分。我永遠不可能逃避它。”
廖亦武從1990年開始在家人偷送進監獄的信封背面和廢紙上撰寫回憶錄。他被釋放時想辦法把手稿也帶了出去,但書稿兩次遭到沒收,兩次他都必須憑記憶重新寫出來。
英文書名來自獄中發生的一件事,當時他違背獄規唱起歌來;作為懲罰,他被勒令唱100首歌。他嗓子啞了,獄警就用電棍插入他的肛門電擊他。
“我感覺就像一隻被拔毛的鴨子,”他寫道。
在這本書里,他描述了囚犯們森嚴的自創等級制度。頂層是一個頭領,手下有打手、管家和內閣成員;底層則是幾群“奴隸”,包括“熱水賊”,負責為上層 打開水和按摩;“洗衣賊”,負責洗衣服和清理被褥里的虱子;還有年輕英俊的“娛樂賊”,負責為領袖表演歌舞小品,並提供性服務。作為政治犯,廖先生幸運地 進入了“中層階級”,享有一定特權——比如可以把三餐帶回囚室自己用餐——這讓他可以免受下層階級遭受的一些虐待。
早先,那個頭領給了他一份長長的“菜單”,上面都是各種折磨方式,如果他違背命令,可以選擇以什麼樣的方式受罰。其中有“川味煙熏鴨”(打手去燒犯人的陰毛和龜頭),“清湯掛麵”(犯人吃一碗廁紙和小便做的湯)和“裸體雕塑”(犯人裸體站立,擺出各種頭領要求的姿勢)。
關於牢獄生活,廖先生最恐怖的記憶並不是酷刑和被剝奪自由,甚至也不是看着同獄犯人被帶出去執行死刑;而是一次失敗的自殺。他被銬着,用繩索捆綁接受電擊,於是決定自殺,向前沖以頭撞牆。
“所有犯人都指責我假裝自殺,是個好演員,”他在採訪中說,“沒有人相信我真想死。我很憤怒——非常非常憤怒。沒有人在乎。”
廖亦武漸漸學會了一些生存技能。一個同獄犯人教會他用頭倒立,作為鍛煉和放鬆的方式。另一個同獄犯人是個80多歲的和尚,他教會廖先生吹簫,那是一種古老的,笛子式的樂器。還有一個犯人會用竹子和木頭的碎片自製鋼筆。還有一個犯人讀聖經,他照顧廖亦武,給了他智慧。
直到現在,他還經常做噩夢。“我在天上飛,看見地面上的人帶着槍和刀子追我,”他說,“但我不是一隻沒有腳的鳥,等我飛不動了,就落到地上。那些人越來越近,他們就要來攻擊我了,這時我就會滿心恐懼地醒來。”
廖亦武覺得2012年諾貝爾文學獎頒發給莫言是一種嘲弄。“想像你的國家發生了一場共產黨帶來的大屠殺,然後有人給這個國家的御用詩人頒了一個獎,”他說,“你見過這麼驚人的事情嗎?”
他覺得自己的任務就是講述人類苦難的故事,而不是做個改革者,努力去改變中國,這個被他稱為“骯髒的豬圈”的地方。“我對中國會變成什麼樣不感興趣,”他說,“我的建議就是中國應當分裂成幾十個小國,這樣就不會像現在這樣成為可怕的威脅。”
如今,廖亦武在西方以一本《中國底層訪談錄》(英譯為《行屍走肉》[The Corpse Walker])享有國際性聲譽。《證詞》去年秋天獲得了德國的書業和平獎。近期他去巴黎期間接受了30次記者採訪,並在東京宮表演了唱歌和西藏頌缽。
此外他還在創作新書,是關於自己大家族的歷史。他現在在柏林舒適的西區擁有一棟小小的花園公寓,屋裡有一張床、一張桌子、一個烹飪的鍋和茶壺。夜晚他就在那裡帶着長久的激情寫作。
他承認三個月來他一直在上德語課,但還是放棄了,現在他的空餘時間大部分是與中國流亡者們交往。
他通過Skype和中國的其他親友保持聯繫。他和中國的妻子已經離婚,同自己的女兒相處的時間只有不到兩個月,她現在已經20多歲了。
“這是我生活中最悲哀的部分,”他說,“我能怎麼辦?我們的感情已經徹底破裂了。”
他停頓了一下,問,“你覺得我孤獨嗎?”
Then came the Tiananmen crackdown. Mr. Liao was transformed. He composed and recorded a poem of fury and frustration called “Massacre.” He joined with friends to make a film called “Requiem” — to appease the souls of the dead.
He was arrested in 1990 as a counterrevolutionary and endured four years of beatings, torture, hunger and humiliations in a series of prisons. After being denied an exit permit 16 times and facing new threats of imprisonment for his writing, he slipped across the border into Vietnam in 2011 and made his way to Berlin, where he still lives.
Now Mr. Liao’s prison memoir, “For a Song and a Hundred Songs: A Poet’s Journey Through a Chinese Prison,” has appeared in the West. Banned in China, it has been a best seller and prizewinner in Germany; has won critical acclaim in a French-language edition; and is being translated into Czech, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. An English-language version will be published by New Harvest in June. Mr. Liao will be in New York for the publication and is to give a lecture at the New York Public Library on June 13.
“I believe in history, in writing down history, so it doesn’t disappear or get angry with us,” he said in late March in an interview here, where he was participating in a literary festival. “I have had many dreams about people who have been dead a long time, but their souls are still among us.”
Dressed in sober black pants, a black shirt and an anorak, his head shaved, his skin unlined and unblemished, Mr. Liao, 54, wears his scars inside.
“My life is better now than it has ever been,” he said in Chinese through an interpreter. “But the Tiananmen massacre is part of my life. I can never escape it.”
Mr. Liao (pronounced lee-YOW) began his memoir in 1990 on the backs of envelopes and scraps of paper his family smuggled into prison. He managed to sneak out his manuscript when he was released. But twice it was confiscated, and he had to reconstruct it from memory both times.
The title refers to an incident in prison when he broke the rules by singing; as punishment, he was ordered to sing 100 songs. When his voice gave out, he was tortured with electric shocks from a baton inserted into his anus.
“I felt like a duck whose feathers were being stripped,” he writes.
In the book he describes the rigid hierarchy the prisoners created for themselves. At the top was a chief with enforcers, a housekeeper and cabinet members; at the bottom were several groups of “slaves,” including “hot water thieves” who brought the upper classes hot water and gave massages; “laundry thieves,” who washed clothes and crushed fleas in the bedding; and young, handsome “entertainment thieves” who sang, danced and performed skits and sex acts with the leaders. As a political prisoner, Mr. Liao was fortunate to be placed in the “middle class,” a status that came with certain privileges — he could bring his meals back to the cell and eat at his own pace, for example — and that spared him some of the abuse suffered by the underclasses.
Early on the chief gave him a long menu of “dishes” of torture, to choose what to be served if he disobeyed an order. Among them were “Sichuan-style smoked duck” (the enforcer burns the inmate’s pubic hair and penis tip); “noodles in a clear broth” (the inmate eats a soup of toilet paper and urine); and “naked sculpture” (the inmate stands naked and strikes different poses ordered by the chief).
Mr. Liao’s most terrible prison memory was not of torture, deprivation or even watching fellow inmates sent for execution. It was of a failed suicide attempt. Handcuffed, bound with ropes and subjected to electric shocks, he decided to kill himself. He hurled his body forward, hitting his head into a wall.
“All the prisoners accused me of faking it, of being a good actor,” he said during the interview. “Nobody believed I wanted to die. I was angry — terribly, terribly angry. Nobody cared.”
Along the way Mr. Liao learned survival skills. A fellow prisoner taught him to stand on his head as a form of exercise and relaxation. Another, a Buddhist monk in his 80s, taught him to play the xiao, an ancient, flutelike instrument. Another made writing pens from bits of bamboo and wood. Another, a Bible-reading inmate, looked out for him and gave him wisdom.
Even now, he experiences a recurring nightmare. “I am flying and I see people on the ground with guns and knives running after me,” he said. “But I am a bird without legs, and when I can’t fly anymore, I fall to the ground. The people come nearer and nearer, and as soon as they are about to attack, I wake up filled with terror.”
For Mr. Liao, the awarding of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature to Mo Yan was a travesty. “Imagine you’ve had a massacre perpetrated by the Communist Party in your country, and someone gives a prize to a state poet,” he said. “Have you seen anything so shocking?”
He sees his mission as a storyteller of human suffering, not as a reformer striving for change in what he calls the “foul pigsty” that is China. “I have no interest in what China will become,” he said. “My suggestion would be that China crumbles into dozens of little countries so that it would no longer be the terrible menace it is now.”
For now Mr. Liao, best known in the West for a collection of stories about China’s downtrodden called “The Corpse Walker,” is enjoying his international celebrity. “For a Song and a Hundred Songs” won the German Book Trade’s Peace Prize last fall. During a recent visit to Paris he gave 30 interviews to journalists, and sang and played a Tibetan singing bowl at the Palais de Tokyo.
He is also at work on his next book, a history of his extended family. He writes in long spurts at night in a modest garden apartment he owns in the comfortable Westend neighborhood of Berlin. It is furnished with a bed, a table, a cooking pot and a teakettle.
He confesses that he took German lessons for three months but has given them up and that he spends much of his spare time socializing with other Chinese exiles.
He keeps in touch with his mother and others in China through Skype. Divorced from his Chinese wife, he has spent less than two months with his daughter, now in her 20s.
“That’s a very sad part of my life,” he said. “What can I do? Our feelings have been completely destroyed.”
He paused, then asked, “Do you think I’m lonely?”
在中国作家莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖2天后,另一位中国作家廖亦武则获得德国书业和平奖。包括德国总统高克在内的多位德国政要和各界人士参加了10月14日在法兰克福保罗教堂举行的颁奖典礼。
(德国之声中文网)周一,德国《世界报》网络版发表了一篇题为"在天安门广场究竟发生了什么?" 的文章。文章说,"在中国监狱中受到严重迫害的廖亦武越过绿色边界逃离中国。自2011年流亡柏林。现在他写了一本有关天安门广场大屠杀的书。"《世界报》的文章写道:"他的名字在中国不愿被提及。但是他本人却提到许多人的名字以及对这些人犯下的罪行。他的书《子弹与鸦片》是墓志铭,证词,备忘录,同时也是对大屠杀的控诉。"
对六四的专题报道
在他的"为一首歌和一百首歌"这本书中,廖亦武描述了他在监狱中所遭受的严酷虐待。在他的新书《证人》中,他描述的是他人所遭受的痛苦和暴行。在这本书中,他成为六四民运的起源及后果的见证人。
"这位作者愿意出来作证,因为他认为自己可以不再做诗人,但是必须做证明材料的收集人。他是被压制真相的揭露者,是他让真相曝光于光天化日之下。"
中国大使缺席颁奖典礼
10月14日,包括德国总统高克在内的多名德国政要和各界代表出席了在 法兰克福圣保罗教堂举行的隆重颁奖仪式,但是中国驻德大使则没有在颁奖仪式上露面。《南德意志报》发表评论说:
"中国大使当然不会前来参加在圣保罗教堂举行的颁奖仪式。因为自从廖亦武写诗描述1989年6月4日天安门广场大屠杀以来,他就被中国政府视为国家的敌人。廖亦武的书在中国被禁止,如今,就连提及他的名字在中国都是一个忌讳。"
"这个帝国必须分裂"
编译:李京慧 责编:雨涵
Author Liao Yiwu, who lives in Germany, has received the 2012
Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. DW spoke with the chronicler of
the suppressed Chinese democracy movement of 1989.
DW: With the "Peace Prize of the German Book Trade," you are being
honored with one of Germany's most important German cultural awards.
What does this mean for you personally and for other underground writers
in China?
Liao Yiwu: Above all, the prize means opportunity. I've heard that when an author receives this prize, his books sell well. My new book "Bullets and Opium" is now out. It's about how the democracy movement in China was suppressed in 1989. Thanks to the prize, the book will be read by many people. The goal of my book is to have as many people as possible remember June 4.
Why is it so important today to remember the bloody suppression of the 1989 democracy movement?
Some strange things have happened this year. Let me cite two examples: a surviving victim of the crackdown hung himself in despair; and there was an attempt with Wangyang, who was sent to prison because of the June 4 movement, to fake a suicide through a hanging. Many pubic remarks have also been made this year. For example, former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt recently justified the massacre. That's very despairing! That's why I see the book's publication as a fortunate coincidence.
Bullets and Opium is an unusual name for a book. As I understand it, the bullets stand for the Communist Party dictatorship and the opium for numbing the unprecedented economic boom. How low can this ruling system prevail?
If I were to write a book about the Mao era, I would call it "Bullets and a Slap in the Face." Under Mao, there were bullets for his opponents and slaps in the face for all the rest. Deng Xiaoping has introduced a new policy, replacing the slapping with anaesthesia (money), which has worked wonderfully. This policy is now being continued.
You're now living as a writer in exile in Germany. The German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder said 200 years ago, "Home is where I don't need to explain anything." What is home to you?
My father taught Chinese classics. He talked a lot about classic Chinese literature with me as a child. I've intensively studied books such as Yi Jing (Book of Changes) and Shi Ji (China's first historical works from the 1st century BC). That's why I'm very good at fortune-telling and why I can compare the present with the past. It doesn't matter where I am. My home is where I find such books. I now live in Germany. There are many relics from the Nazi era or from the former GDR in Berlin. All this reminds me of the existence of a dictatorship, especially of the 1989 event. There were many changes that year in both Germany and China.
You view yourself primarily as a chronicler of China. Your books live from peoples' voices. How can you continue your work in exile without access to people there?
I lived in China for 53 years. In this time, I experience a lot and was able to collect a lot of stories and material. It's all in my head. I also made recordings. With this material, I have more than enough work to do through the end of my life. I've already lived most of my life. There are those in exile, by contrast, who left the country as adolescents after 1989. The book "Bullets and Opium" originated largely in China.
In the preface to "For a song and a hundred songs," you write about how the Chinese police repeatedly searched your apartment and confiscated your writings and manuscripts. You conclude with the remark that you had no choice but to dig more holes like a mouse and hide your surviving work even more carefully in even more secretive places. Have you also been able to recover your new book from such a hiding place?
So it is. The book "For a song and a hundred songs" originated in 1990s, no so long after the massacre. That's why security was very tight. The working methods were more primitive. There were no computers, no Internet.
You often appear together with the German Nobel laureate Herta Müller. Is there a sense of "elective affinity" between two people who know exactly how a dictator can destroy people?
Even in China, I read the works of Herta Müller. The latest work of hers that I read was the article "The secret police is still alive," which appeared in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit on July 23, 2009. The article was on the Internet in China. I also illegally obtained the banned movie "The Lives of Others" from the Internet. It was a bizarre experience. In her article, Herta described how the secret police monitored her. She wrote how the Stasi enlisted her best friend to spy on her and how she almost broke down when she learned about it. Such stories are commonplace in China. But Herta Müller did a very good job of writing about them. Her experiences and mine can certainly be compared.
At the International Literature Festival in Berlin in early September, you gave the opening speech. You had originally planned to invite the Karmapa, the third highest lama of Tibet, to the opening ceremony. That's an unusual idea for a literary festival. What prompted it?
The reason is the wave of self-immolations in Tibet. More than 50 Tibetans have meanwhile burned themselves. I know of no other country where there have been so many self-immolations. That's why we considered inviting the designated successor of the Dalai Lama, the Karmapa, who is an excellent musician. His music deals with Buddhist tradition, reincarnation and karma. If the Tibetans saw someone like the Karmapa on the world stage, then the wave of self-immolations would gradually subside, I believe. For Tibetans, the Karmapa is a young, good-looking popular figure. I believe the Karmapa will lead six million Tibetans out of their misery in the future.
Chinese scholars typically appear with long hair and beards but not you. Is there a reason?
The other poets were probably never in prison. I sat in one for years. I was forced to have a shaven head. And my hair has also become thinner with age. So I stuck with this habit – it's hygienic and practical. When I wash my face, I can wash my head at the same time.
Having your head shaved wasn't the only thing that happened to you in prison; you were also tortured. On more than one occasion, you tried to kill yourself. Your book contains a remark from your flute teacher in jail: "If the prison is inside you, you can't be free." Do you feel free today?
At the moment, I can only say that it's a slow process. Only if you write from your soul and fight for the freedom of others can you really feel free.
Liao Yiwu: Above all, the prize means opportunity. I've heard that when an author receives this prize, his books sell well. My new book "Bullets and Opium" is now out. It's about how the democracy movement in China was suppressed in 1989. Thanks to the prize, the book will be read by many people. The goal of my book is to have as many people as possible remember June 4.
Why is it so important today to remember the bloody suppression of the 1989 democracy movement?
Some strange things have happened this year. Let me cite two examples: a surviving victim of the crackdown hung himself in despair; and there was an attempt with Wangyang, who was sent to prison because of the June 4 movement, to fake a suicide through a hanging. Many pubic remarks have also been made this year. For example, former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt recently justified the massacre. That's very despairing! That's why I see the book's publication as a fortunate coincidence.
Bullets and Opium is an unusual name for a book. As I understand it, the bullets stand for the Communist Party dictatorship and the opium for numbing the unprecedented economic boom. How low can this ruling system prevail?
If I were to write a book about the Mao era, I would call it "Bullets and a Slap in the Face." Under Mao, there were bullets for his opponents and slaps in the face for all the rest. Deng Xiaoping has introduced a new policy, replacing the slapping with anaesthesia (money), which has worked wonderfully. This policy is now being continued.
You're now living as a writer in exile in Germany. The German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder said 200 years ago, "Home is where I don't need to explain anything." What is home to you?
My father taught Chinese classics. He talked a lot about classic Chinese literature with me as a child. I've intensively studied books such as Yi Jing (Book of Changes) and Shi Ji (China's first historical works from the 1st century BC). That's why I'm very good at fortune-telling and why I can compare the present with the past. It doesn't matter where I am. My home is where I find such books. I now live in Germany. There are many relics from the Nazi era or from the former GDR in Berlin. All this reminds me of the existence of a dictatorship, especially of the 1989 event. There were many changes that year in both Germany and China.
You view yourself primarily as a chronicler of China. Your books live from peoples' voices. How can you continue your work in exile without access to people there?
I lived in China for 53 years. In this time, I experience a lot and was able to collect a lot of stories and material. It's all in my head. I also made recordings. With this material, I have more than enough work to do through the end of my life. I've already lived most of my life. There are those in exile, by contrast, who left the country as adolescents after 1989. The book "Bullets and Opium" originated largely in China.
In the preface to "For a song and a hundred songs," you write about how the Chinese police repeatedly searched your apartment and confiscated your writings and manuscripts. You conclude with the remark that you had no choice but to dig more holes like a mouse and hide your surviving work even more carefully in even more secretive places. Have you also been able to recover your new book from such a hiding place?
So it is. The book "For a song and a hundred songs" originated in 1990s, no so long after the massacre. That's why security was very tight. The working methods were more primitive. There were no computers, no Internet.
You often appear together with the German Nobel laureate Herta Müller. Is there a sense of "elective affinity" between two people who know exactly how a dictator can destroy people?
Even in China, I read the works of Herta Müller. The latest work of hers that I read was the article "The secret police is still alive," which appeared in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit on July 23, 2009. The article was on the Internet in China. I also illegally obtained the banned movie "The Lives of Others" from the Internet. It was a bizarre experience. In her article, Herta described how the secret police monitored her. She wrote how the Stasi enlisted her best friend to spy on her and how she almost broke down when she learned about it. Such stories are commonplace in China. But Herta Müller did a very good job of writing about them. Her experiences and mine can certainly be compared.
At the International Literature Festival in Berlin in early September, you gave the opening speech. You had originally planned to invite the Karmapa, the third highest lama of Tibet, to the opening ceremony. That's an unusual idea for a literary festival. What prompted it?
The reason is the wave of self-immolations in Tibet. More than 50 Tibetans have meanwhile burned themselves. I know of no other country where there have been so many self-immolations. That's why we considered inviting the designated successor of the Dalai Lama, the Karmapa, who is an excellent musician. His music deals with Buddhist tradition, reincarnation and karma. If the Tibetans saw someone like the Karmapa on the world stage, then the wave of self-immolations would gradually subside, I believe. For Tibetans, the Karmapa is a young, good-looking popular figure. I believe the Karmapa will lead six million Tibetans out of their misery in the future.
Chinese scholars typically appear with long hair and beards but not you. Is there a reason?
The other poets were probably never in prison. I sat in one for years. I was forced to have a shaven head. And my hair has also become thinner with age. So I stuck with this habit – it's hygienic and practical. When I wash my face, I can wash my head at the same time.
Having your head shaved wasn't the only thing that happened to you in prison; you were also tortured. On more than one occasion, you tried to kill yourself. Your book contains a remark from your flute teacher in jail: "If the prison is inside you, you can't be free." Do you feel free today?
At the moment, I can only say that it's a slow process. Only if you write from your soul and fight for the freedom of others can you really feel free.
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一個藝術天才的成長簡史 (關於藏傳佛教第十七世噶瑪巴與柏林文學節的故事)
流亡德國的中國作家,法蘭克福書展和平獎獲得者廖亦武9月4日作為今年柏林文學節主題嘉賓在開幕式上發表演講,呼籲關注藏族民眾。該演講稿被譯為德文發表於《法蘭克福彙報》。本台經廖亦武本人授權發表中文全文。
當1989年6月4日淩晨,20多萬野戰軍合圍中國首都北京,沿途射殺手無寸鐵的抗議民眾,製造了讓全世界為之震驚的天安門大屠殺時,發生在同年3月5日的西藏拉薩大屠殺卻被淹沒了。因為西方新聞媒體的缺席,喪心病狂的鏡頭沒被記錄下來。聖城拉薩比皇城北京小十幾倍,八角街廣場也比天安門廣場小十幾倍,可是在如此狹隘的空間,竟有一萬多和平示威者和一萬五千多武裝到牙齒的士兵衝突,其結果,300多平民死於非命,3000多平民被投入監獄,"罪大惡極者"隨後被判處死刑。位於布達拉宮右側的大昭寺,因為率先升起象徵西藏獨立的"雪山獅子旗",而被士兵攻佔,寺內至高無上的塔經--它象徵著藏傳密教眾神在世間的尊嚴--被入侵者縱火焚毀。成千上萬的佛教徒為此放聲悲號,不斷有喇嘛撲過去救火,卻不斷被射殺在烈焰之中。
在烈焰中殉道的鏡頭可歎可泣,這給後繼至今的自焚者開了可歎可泣的先河。
這一年,也是柏林牆倒塌的這一年,第十七世噶瑪巴才4歲,天真無邪。但隨後的1992年,按照藏傳佛教"轉世"傳統,經多年輾轉的尋覓,他被寺廟的諸多高僧大德,從茫茫雪山草地間的普通農家辨識出來,並通過達賴喇嘛確認,為十六世噶瑪巴的輪回法身。作為繼達賴喇嘛、班禪喇嘛之後影響力最大的宗教領袖,他入住距離拉薩60餘公里的楚佈寺,一座具有800多年歷史的聖殿。不知1989的殺戮,還有1959年那場導致達賴喇嘛流亡、國土淪喪更為可怕的殺戮,給一個被天命圈定的稚嫩靈魂,留下了如何的劃痕?
眨眼又過7年,噶瑪巴14歲了。雖然法相莊嚴,受到全藏老百姓的頂禮膜拜,但畢竟是個純真少年,充滿對彼岸世界的好奇。據記載,達賴喇嘛在相同年紀,喜歡撥弄鋼琴和收音機,思考無線電波刺穿地球的問題;而討厭政治,也討厭被任何俗世政府管束的噶瑪巴,在誦經功課之餘,卻熱衷於音樂和詩歌。西藏歷史上,有位如雷貫耳的情歌活佛,第六世達賴喇嘛倉央嘉措,為了愛情,竟然捨棄布達拉宮的寶座,他的謠曲至今在雪域回蕩,連我這個漢族流浪漢都學會了--遠去的大雁啊,飛到巴塘就返回吧,你的愛人在原地等你呢--博覽群書的噶瑪巴,當然熟悉這300多年前的謠曲,他居然在寺廟內組建樂隊,據傳聞,他喜歡當代搖滾和當代電子樂,是相當出色的詞曲作者,還親自擔任主唱。如果有機會,我將當面拜問尊者,對二次世界大戰後的"垮掉一代"有何感受?對詩人金斯伯格和歌手鮑勃·狄倫有何感受?因為後者是我青年時候的偶像,特別是狄倫的《答案在風中飄》--一個人要走多少路,才能成為一個人?炮彈要呼嘯多少次,和平才會降臨--噶瑪巴也許會含笑不語。
可誰能料到,擔負著整個種族命運的至高的噶瑪巴,卻與我,一個不足掛齒的底層文人,有著類似的遭遇--都被多次阻止出境。我曾經遞交了若干申請,並保證避開政治話題,只談文學,有去有回;他也遞交了若干申請,並保證避開政治話題,只談佛法,有去有回;最後,在失去自由的威脅下,我鋌而走險,穿過中越邊境,輾轉來到德國;而他,也在嚴密的監控下,宣佈閉關,卻暗中在忠實隨從的掩護下突然出走。
他當時才14歲,而我出走時已經53歲了。孔夫子説"五十而知天命",所以我在離開前,用孔夫子親手編纂過的《周易》占卦,得"複",也就是佛經裏的輪回之意。而噶瑪巴的輪回,其意義比我這只小小螞蟻的輪回,要深遠得多。他踩著1959年達賴喇嘛出走的足跡,顛沛八日八夜,要翻越被稱作世界屋脊的喜馬拉雅山脈!這是怎樣可怕的旅途啊!幾十年來,成千上萬的藏人,為了擺脫奴役,去印度朝覲神聖的達賴喇嘛,或被變幻無常的暴風雪所吞噬,或被共產黨邊防軍的子彈所擊斃,僥倖成功者中,有不少淪為異鄉的殘疾人。可是噶瑪巴,14歲的不懂政治、只懂佛法的噶瑪巴,竟奇跡般抵達印度達蘭薩拉,風塵僕僕卻完美如玉。達賴喇嘛和噶瑪巴,一老一少,兩代流亡活佛終於在一起了。他們既是尊者,也是用雙腳回應鮑勃·狄倫歌聲的功德圓滿者--一個人要走多少路,才能成為一個人。
達賴喇嘛説過大意如此的話:共產黨不是我的敵人,而是我的"老師",因為"老師"的逼迫,我不得不走出西藏。可我不走出西藏,也就像我的若干前世一樣,只是雪域之間比較封閉的活佛,佛法以及西藏的祈願,也不可能像今天一樣傳遍世界。噶瑪巴沒有說過這樣的話,他是藝術家,覺得誦經和音樂,比語言更有力量。於是他和眾多西方音樂家合作,灌制了大量的音樂CD,以驚濤拍岸的當代搖滾節奏,去一遍遍吟誦六字真言。他的音樂和詩歌,在西藏和中國,以地下管道自由地傳播著。我的作家朋友汪建輝,聽了我從成都盜版市場淘回來的《噶瑪巴千諾》,不禁寫了一句詩:誰能阻止一個人內心的微笑?像西藏這樣一個飽經殺戮的種族也會有微笑嗎?他們有仇恨嗎?他們在以牙還牙嗎?沒有。他們在忍受,實在忍無可忍了,他們也不會去傷害別人;實在忍無可忍了,他們也只會傷害自己,前赴後繼地引火焚身。從2008年3月14號,共產黨再次犯下褻瀆神靈、屠殺僧侶的彌天大罪後,他們一次次呼喊"西藏自由",然後澆透汽油,點燃自己。截止今年7月份,已經有49位藏人自焚。
世界啊,看看這些被燒焦的軀殼吧--他們的靈魂還會微笑嗎?在噶瑪巴的音樂裏,自焚者的靈魂還會微笑嗎?共產黨能把他們的屠刀舉到天堂嗎?誰又能阻止風兒和落葉、歌唱和寂滅、以及穿越生死的自由輪回?
大約8年前,我從四川成都逃到雲南麗江,在某個漢藏雜居的村落,首次聽到噶瑪巴的《願望之歌》,深受感召。乘著酒興,我抓起在監獄裏學會的洞簫,吹奏了唐代名曲《陽關三疊》。時光之河頓時倒流,陽關之外是漫漫黃沙,絕代高僧唐三藏,騎著識途的老馬,走出箭樓,不遠萬里去印度取回真經。佛教由此傳播,之後又因地域差異而分支為大乘和小乘,漢傳和藏傳--勸君更盡一杯酒,西出陽關無故人--我的先人這樣吟誦道。而通過轉世輪回,將先人和今人融為一體的達賴喇嘛和噶瑪巴,體內是否也流淌著唐三藏的血液?我如此浮想聯翩,竟忘記剛剛經歷過家破人亡,忘記暗地裏還有便衣員警的監視。我祈禱將來有一天,因緣際會,噶瑪巴與我,能如兩個不問來路的遠古旅人,撇開高低貴賤,撇開世相百態,儘興唱和一番。西出陽關無故人嗎?對呀,佛法無邊,西出關山,我們都是既無故人,也無祖國。可不同的是,噶瑪巴有他代代傳承的偉大使命,對於整個藏族,哪里有達賴喇嘛、班禪和噶瑪巴,哪里就有故人和祖國。
源於此,當我3月份被選定為柏林國際文學節2012年的話題主賓,竟心血來潮,向文學節主席烏裏先生提出邀請第十七世噶瑪巴。
《邀請信》隨即發出,我們明白這件事的難度。我的朋友廖天琪承擔了開頭的聯絡,隨後,我的朋友郭憶梅承擔了更為繁複的溝通。她倆都是在德國生活了半輩子,卻心系藏族人苦難的臺灣人,對東西方截然相反的社會形態,也有深刻的洞察。當我們得知噶瑪巴今年沒有出行計畫,卻仍不願放棄,原因是幾個月來,由於共產黨的鐵腕鎮壓,藏人的自焚愈演愈烈。
信心不減的達賴喇嘛已經77歲了,依舊為西藏的前途而四處奔波;而噶瑪巴才27歲,其救世決心,已經在他新近導演的長達數小時的歷史劇《密勒日巴》裏顯現出來--密勒日巴誕生在900多年前,是噶瑪巴同一的噶舉派上師,因為歷經劫難而專攻呼風喚雨之巫術,對仇家實施酷烈的報復,卻沒給自己帶來絲毫的快意。為了從仇恨深淵裏解脫,他另尋密宗上師,通過九層地獄一般的考驗,是雪域西藏家喻戶曉的詩人和哲學家,終於修成正果。
在地緣政治之外,往日的密勒日巴為今天的噶瑪巴,指明了方向。以修煉、弘法和藝術去超越無神論之罪惡獨裁,撫慰人們久治不癒的創痛。可當今亂世,共產黨中國通過壓搾老百姓而經濟騰飛,已經演變成威脅地球生態平衡的怪獸,這只怪獸的胃口越來越大,不僅要將本土糟蹋成世界上最大的自然和人性的垃圾場,而且通過明裏和暗裏的交易滲透,企圖將全人類"垃圾化"。不少西方的政治家、企業家甚至人權活動家,礙于西藏宗教和歷史的複雜性,礙於短期的經濟衰退,更礙於共產黨毫不退讓的姿態,不僅漠視西藏的泣血和自焚,而且將此誤讀為與恐怖主義半步之遙的"走極端"。於是,尊者噶瑪巴憂心忡忡地寫下詩篇--
冬季的某日,
我獨處一隅,
然而此時,
卻不知該真正朝向何方,
冷冽中,力竭的人,漫無方向地祈禱著!
故鄉啊!故鄉,你在何處?
或許,是你不願見我這漂泊的人,而消失無蹤!
蒼天啊!
今日聽說,您沒良心的,
給予我的故鄉和同胞們,
前所未有的苦痛......
可誰又會料到,對應噶瑪巴詩篇的,卻是流亡藏人江白益西於2012年3月26日在新德里街頭自焚,以抗議1989年3月5日拉薩大屠殺的製造者胡錦濤訪問印度。27歲的江白益西,像一根烈焰騰騰的火炬,高喊著,狂奔50米,轟然傾倒。他在遺囑裏寫道:
尊嚴是一個民族的靈魂,是尋找正義的勇氣,更是未來幸福的嚮導......自由是所有生命物的幸福所在,人失去自由,就像風中的酥油燈......我用火點燃珍貴的自己,是向全世界證實六百萬藏人的苦難、無人權及無公平的處境,如果您有慈悲心,就請關注弱小藏人的處境......我們要使用傳統宗教、文化和語言的基本自由,要有基本人權,希望全人類能夠支持我們。藏人才是西藏主人,西藏必勝!
西藏至尊者和自焚平民的聲音,同時讓我們聽見。經過多次努力,心急如焚的我們,終於和噶瑪巴辦公室約定,要萬里迢迢,奔赴達蘭薩拉,於8月3日上午拜見尊者,恭請他蒞臨柏林文學節,直面幾百位各種膚色各種信仰的被邀嘉賓,為西藏及世界祈福。可始料未及的是,我這初來乍到的流亡者,護照和出境簽證都有問題。
作為德國最高人文領域和平獎的得主,我接受我的朋友郭憶梅的建議,向德國外交部長求援。我提筆寫道:
尊敬的Westerwelle先生:
謝謝您的祝賀信。
記得2010年3月,我第15次被阻止出境,十幾個荷槍實彈的機場員警,像抓殺人犯似的,將已經上飛機的我,綁架下來。接著,我被囚禁在家近一個月。而您,一個民主國家的外長,在柏林發表公開的聲援講話,並預言有一天會在德國歡迎我。
我在去年走出了中國,發表了被獨裁當局嚴厲禁止的監獄回憶錄,我用自己的雙腿,實現了您的預言。Westerwelle先生,請接受一個底層作家的遲到的謝意!在冥冥當中,這意味著什麼呢?接踵而至的,是我獲得了德國圖書貿易和平獎,我又看見了我早已熟悉的您的名字。
您稱我為"紀念文化的勇敢的開路先鋒",我不敢沾沾自喜,反而覺得有更沉重的東西壓在肩上,因為一個逃出獨裁國度的見證者,當已經站在自由土地上,應該做的,就是為他人擺脫苦難而奮戰。
由此,我要向您緊急求援。
您知道,從去年到今年,西藏人在不間斷地自焚,作為我,一個長期關注西藏,並會見過達賴喇嘛的中國作家,一種憤怒和內疚夾雜的情感,讓我迫不及待想做點什麼。剛巧,柏林文學節委託我擔任今年的主題嘉賓。
我們正在努力爭取讓大寶法王噶瑪巴來柏林文學節,我將在開幕式上,請他為西藏和全人類的和平與安寧,頌禱《噶瑪巴千諾》。他是繼達賴喇嘛之後,又一位出走的宗教領袖,被公認為達賴喇嘛的繼承者,並且是一位元音樂和文學的天才。他的音樂CD,在西藏、中國和臺灣,流傳甚廣。
我和我的朋友們,帶著柏林文學節的使命,準備秘密前往,恭請噶瑪巴。但是目前,在他出境的問題上,有一些外交上的麻煩。所以我懇請您,尊敬的Westerwelle先生,通過您所熟悉的途徑,與印度外交部門溝通,以達成這項絕佳的美事。這對不斷自焚的西藏人,這對世界上唯一的"痛失國土"的種族,該是個多麽大的鼓舞!
西藏這個長期弱勢的族類,會像我和我的朋友們一樣,由此記住以您為首的德國外交部門為他們無比愛戴的噶瑪巴所做的一切。這將是一個歷史性的事件,一個1980後的宗教領袖,在文學節上,與來自世界各地的詩人、作家、藝術家交流--用詩篇和音樂--去撫慰那些自焚的亡魂,並預示一個希望漸漸升起的遠景,讓前赴後繼的自焚者漸漸止步。
正如你在給我的信中所言,無論我過去作為"時代答錄機"的努力,還是今日作為"文學節主題嘉賓"的努力,都是"走向和解之路的一個痛苦但必要的過程"。所以我冒昧地寫信給您,我相信,對於我們恭請噶瑪巴來柏林的這一追求公義的行動,會得到一個文化和歷史記憶上,領先於他國的政府的支持。
盼望由您帶來的佳音。
寄出這封信的六天之後,我們應邀在外交部,與十餘位外交官進行會談,然後就是焦慮的等待。我們已經買好去印度的機票,但隨後不得不退票。我打算去印度大使館門前絕食抗議,但隨後又被德國外長辦公室竭力勸阻。我的護照影印此時由他們再次轉遞印度方面。
在我起草這篇演講稿時,郭憶梅和廖天琪,這兩位菩薩心腸的女性,或許正躲在自己家裏,為藏人連綿的不幸而悲泣。我卻說,如果失敗,這是在西方世界,在一個認可自由、平等、博愛的地方的暫時失敗,比獨裁鐵腕下的危及生命的失敗,要輕鬆多了。比達賴喇嘛和噶瑪巴,負載著整個種族的命運,翻越喜馬拉雅山脈,要輕鬆多了。甚至比我去年不得不逃離中國,要輕鬆好些。
況且,當我放下寫作,步行去這條大街盡頭的墓地,平息久久起伏的心潮之際,電話意外地響了。是外長辦公室。他們説,已經向印度政府表態,支持我們離境,歡迎噶瑪巴入境。
我說,作為來自中國的底層藝人,我的樂器已經準備妥當。
外長辦公室説,請您再等等。
廖亦武 2012年8月3日于柏林
流亡德国的中国作家,法兰克福书展和平奖获得者廖亦武9月4日作为今年柏林文学节主题嘉宾在开幕式上发表演讲,呼吁关注藏族民众。该演讲稿被译为德文发表于《法兰克福汇报》。本台经廖亦武本人授权发表中文全文。
当1989年6月4日凌晨,20多万野战军合围中国首都北京,沿途射杀手无寸铁的抗议民众,製造了让全世界为之震惊的天安门大屠杀时,发生在同年3月5日
的西藏拉萨大屠杀却被淹没了。因为西方新闻媒体的缺席,丧心病狂的镜头没被记录下来。圣城拉萨比皇城北京小十几倍,八角街广场也比天安门广场小十几倍,可
是在如此狭隘的空间,竟有一万多和平示威者和一万五千多武装到牙齿的士兵冲突,其结果,300多平民死于非命,3000多平民被投入监狱,"罪大恶极者"
随后被判处死刑。位于布达拉宫右侧的大昭寺,因为率先升起象徵西藏独立的"雪山狮子旗",而被士兵攻佔,寺内至高无上的塔经--它象徵着藏传密教众神在世
间的尊严--被入侵者纵火焚毁。成千上万的佛教徒为此放声悲号,不断有喇嘛扑过去救火,却不断被射杀在烈焰之中。在烈焰中殉道的镜头可叹可泣,这给后继至今的自焚者开了可叹可泣的先河。
这一年,也是柏林墙倒塌的这一年,第十七世噶玛巴才4岁,天真无邪。但随后的1992年,按照藏传佛教"转世"传统,经多年辗转的寻觅,他被寺庙的诸多高 僧大德,从茫茫雪山草地间的普通农家辨识出来,并通过达赖喇嘛确认,为十六世噶玛巴的轮回法身。作为继达赖喇嘛、班禅喇嘛之后影响力最大的宗教领袖,他入 住距离拉萨60余公里的楚佈寺,一座具有800多年历史的圣殿。不知1989的杀戮,还有1959年那场导致达赖喇嘛流亡、国土沦丧更为可怕的杀戮,给一 个被天命圈定的稚嫩灵魂,留下了如何的划痕?
眨眼又过7年,噶玛巴14岁了。虽然法相庄严,受到全藏老百姓的顶礼膜拜,但毕竟是个纯真少年,充满对彼岸世界的好奇。据记载,达赖喇嘛在相同年纪,喜欢 拨弄钢琴和收音机,思考无线电波刺穿地球的问题;而讨厌政治,也讨厌被任何俗世政府管束的噶玛巴,在诵经功课之馀,却热衷于音乐和诗歌。西藏历史上,有位 如雷贯耳的情歌活佛,第六世达赖喇嘛仓央嘉措,为了爱情,竟然捨弃布达拉宫的宝座,他的谣曲至今在雪域回荡,连我这个汉族流浪汉都学会了--远去的大雁 啊,飞到巴塘就返回吧,你的爱人在原地等你呢--博览群书的噶玛巴,当然熟悉这300多年前的谣曲,他居然在寺庙内组建乐队,据传闻,他喜欢当代摇滚和当 代电子乐,是相当出色的词曲作者,还亲自担任主唱。如果有机会,我将当面拜问尊者,对二次世界大战后的"垮掉一代"有何感受?对诗人金斯伯格和歌手鲍勃· 迪伦有何感受?因为后者是我青年时候的偶像,特别是迪伦的《答案在风中飘》--一个人要走多少路,才能成为一个人?炮弹要呼啸多少次,和平才会降临--噶 玛巴也许会含笑不语。
可谁能料到,担负着整个种族命运的至高的噶玛巴,却与我,一个不足挂齿的底层文人,有着类似的遭遇--都被多次阻止出境。我曾经递交了若干申请,并保证避 开政治话题,只谈文学,有去有回;他也递交了若干申请,并保证避开政治话题,只谈佛法,有去有回;最后,在失去自由的威胁下,我铤而走险,穿过中越边境, 辗转来到德国;而他,也在严密的监控下,宣布闭关,却暗中在忠实随从的掩护下突然出走。
他当时才14岁,而我出走时已经53岁了。孔夫子説"五十而知天命",所以我在离开前,用孔夫子亲手编纂过的《周易》占卦,得"复",也就是佛经里的轮回 之意。而噶玛巴的轮回,其意义比我这只小小蚂蚁的轮回,要深远得多。他踩着1959年达赖喇嘛出走的足迹,颠沛八日八夜,要翻越被称作世界屋脊的喜马拉雅 山脉!这是怎样可怕的旅途啊!几十年来,成千上万的藏人,为了摆脱奴役,去印度朝觐神圣的达赖喇嘛,或被变幻无常的暴风雪所吞噬,或被共产党边防军的子弹 所击毙,侥倖成功者中,有不少沦为异乡的残疾人。可是噶玛巴,14岁的不懂政治、只懂佛法的噶玛巴,竟奇迹般抵达印度达兰萨拉,风尘仆仆却完美如玉。达赖 喇嘛和噶玛巴,一老一少,两代流亡活佛终于在一起了。他们既是尊者,也是用双脚回应鲍勃·迪伦歌声的功德圆满者--一个人要走多少路,才能成为一个人。
达赖喇嘛説过大意如此的话:共产党不是我的敌人,而是我的"老师",因为"老师"的逼迫,我不得不走出西藏。可我不走出西藏,也就像我的若干前世一样,只 是雪域之间比较封闭的活佛,佛法以及西藏的祈愿,也不可能像今天一样传遍世界。噶玛巴没有说过这样的话,他是艺术家,觉得诵经和音乐,比语言更有力量。于 是他和众多西方音乐家合作,灌制了大量的音乐CD,以惊涛拍岸的当代摇滚节奏,去一遍遍吟诵六字真言。他的音乐和诗歌,在西藏和中国,以地下管道自由地传 播着。我的作家朋友汪建辉,听了我从成都盗版市场淘回来的《噶玛巴千诺》,不禁写了一句诗:谁能阻止一个人内心的微笑?像西藏这样一个饱经杀戮的种族也会 有微笑吗?他们有仇恨吗?他们在以牙还牙吗?没有。他们在忍受,实在忍无可忍了,他们也不会去伤害别人;实在忍无可忍了,他们也只会伤害自己,前赴后继地 引火烧身。从2008年3月14号,共产党再次犯下亵渎神灵、屠杀僧侣的弥天大罪后,他们一次次呼喊"西藏自由",然后浇透汽油,点燃自己。截止今年7月 份,已经有49位藏人自焚。
世界啊,看看这些被烧焦的躯壳吧--他们的灵魂还会微笑吗?在噶玛巴的音乐里,自焚者的灵魂还会微笑吗?共产党能把他们的屠刀举到天堂吗?谁又能阻止风儿和落叶、歌唱和寂灭、以及穿越生死的自由轮回?
大约8年前,我从四川成都逃到云南丽江,在某个汉藏杂居的村落,首次听到噶玛巴的《愿望之歌》,深受感召。乘着酒兴,我抓起在监狱里学会的洞箫,吹奏了唐 代名曲《阳关三叠》。时光之河顿时倒流,阳关之外是漫漫黄沙,绝代高僧唐三藏,骑着识途的老马,走出箭楼,不远万里去印度取回真经。佛教由此传播,之后又 因地域差异而分支为大乘和小乘,汉传和藏传--劝君更尽一杯酒,西出阳关无故人--我的先人这样吟诵道。而通过转世轮回,将先人和今人融为一体的达赖喇嘛 和噶玛巴,体内是否也流淌着唐三藏的血液?我如此浮想联翩,竟忘记刚刚经历过家破人亡,忘记暗地里还有便衣警察的监视。我祈祷将来有一天,因缘际会,噶玛 巴与我,能如两个不问来路的远古旅人,撇开高低贵贱,撇开世相百态,儘兴唱和一番。西出阳关无故人吗?对呀,佛法无边,西出关山,我们都是既无故人,也无 祖国。可不同的是,噶玛巴有他代代传承的伟大使命,对于整个藏族,哪里有达赖喇嘛、班禅和噶玛巴,哪里就有故人和祖国。
源于此,当我3月份被选定为柏林国际文学节2012年的话题主宾,竟心血来潮,向文学节主席乌里先生提出邀请第十七世噶玛巴。
《邀请信》随即发出,我们明白这件事的难度。我的朋友廖天琪承担了开头的联络,随后,我的朋友郭忆梅承担了更为繁複的沟通。她俩都是在德国生活了半辈子, 却心系藏族人苦难的台湾人,对东西方截然相反的社会形态,也有深刻的洞察。当我们得知噶玛巴今年没有出行计划,却仍不愿放弃,原因是几个月来,由于共产党 的铁腕镇压,藏人的自焚愈演愈烈。
信心不减的达赖喇嘛已经77岁了,依旧为西藏的前途而四处奔波;而噶玛巴才27岁,其救世决心,已经在他新近导演的长达数小时的历史剧《密勒日巴》里显现 出来--密勒日巴诞生在900多年前,是噶玛巴同一的噶举派上师,因为历经劫难而专攻呼风唤雨之巫术,对仇家实施酷烈的报复,却没给自己带来丝毫的快意。 为了从仇恨深渊里解脱,他另寻密宗上师,通过九层地狱一般的考验,是雪域西藏家喻户晓的诗人和哲学家,终于修成正果。
在地缘政治之外,往日的密勒日巴为今天的噶玛巴,指明了方向。以修炼、弘法和艺术去超越无神论之罪恶独裁,抚慰人们久治不癒的创痛。可当今乱世,共产党中 国通过压搾老百姓而经济腾飞,已经演变成威胁地球生态平衡的怪兽,这只怪兽的胃口越来越大,不仅要将本土糟蹋成世界上最大的自然和人性的垃圾场,而且通过 明里和暗里的交易渗透,企图将全人类"垃圾化"。不少西方的政治家、企业家甚至人权活动家,碍于西藏宗教和历史的複杂性,碍于短期的经济衰退,更碍于共产 党毫不退让的姿态,不仅漠视西藏的泣血和自焚,而且将此误读为与恐怖主义半步之遥的"走极端"。于是,尊者噶玛巴忧心忡忡地写下诗篇--
冬季的某日,
我独处一隅,
然而此时,
却不知该真正朝向何方,
冷冽中,力竭的人,漫无方向地祈祷着!
故乡啊!故乡,你在何处?
或许,是你不愿见我这漂泊的人,而消失无踪!
苍天啊!
今日听说,您没良心的,
给予我的故乡和同胞们,
前所未有的苦痛......
可谁又会料到,对应噶玛巴诗篇的,却是流亡藏人江白益西于2012年3月26日在新德里街头自焚,以抗议1989年3月5日拉萨大屠杀的制造者胡锦涛访问印度。27岁的江白益西,像一根烈焰腾腾的火炬,高喊着,狂奔50米,轰然倾倒。他在遗嘱里写道:
尊严是一个民族的灵魂,是寻找正义的勇气,更是未来幸福的嚮导......自由是所有生命物的幸福所在,人失去自由,就像风中的酥油灯......我用火 点燃珍贵的自己,是向全世界证实六百万藏人的苦难、无人权及无公平的处境,如果您有慈悲心,就请关注弱小藏人的处境......我们要使用传统宗教、文化 和语言的基本自由,要有基本人权,希望全人类能够支持我们。藏人才是西藏主人,西藏必胜!
西藏至尊者和自焚平民的声音,同时让我们听见。经过多次努力,心急如焚的我们,终于和噶玛巴办公室约定,要万里迢迢,奔赴达兰萨拉,于8月3日上午拜见尊 者,恭请他莅临柏林文学节,直面几百位各种肤色各种信仰的被邀嘉宾,为西藏及世界祈福。可始料未及的是,我这初来乍到的流亡者,护照和出境签证都有问题。
作为德国最高人文领域和平奖的得主,我接受我的朋友郭忆梅的建议,向德国外交部长求援。我提笔写道:
尊敬的Westerwelle先生:
谢谢您的祝贺信。
记得2010年3月,我第15次被阻止出境,十几个荷枪实弹的机场警察,像抓杀人犯似的,将已经上飞机的我,绑架下来。接着,我被囚禁在家近一个月。而您,一个民主国家的外长,在柏林发表公开的声援讲话,并预言有一天会在德国欢迎我。
我在去年走出了中国,发表了被独裁当局严厉禁止的监狱回忆录,我用自己的双腿,实现了您的预言。Westerwelle先生,请接受一个底层作家的迟到的 谢意!在冥冥当中,这意味着什么呢?接踵而至的,是我获得了德国图书贸易和平奖,我又看见了我早已熟悉的您的名字。
您称我为"纪念文化的勇敢的开路先锋",我不敢沾沾自喜,反而觉得有更沉重的东西压在肩上,因为一个逃出独裁国度的见证者,当已经站在自由土地上,应该做的,就是为他人摆脱苦难而奋战。
由此,我要向您紧急求援。
您知道,从去年到今年,西藏人在不间断地自焚,作为我,一个长期关注西藏,并会见过达赖喇嘛的中国作家,一种愤怒和内疚夹杂的情感,让我迫不及待想做点什么。刚巧,柏林文学节委托我担任今年的主题嘉宾。
我们正在努力争取让大宝法王噶玛巴来柏林文学节,我将在开幕式上,请他为西藏和全人类的和平与安宁,颂祷《噶玛巴千诺》。他是继达赖喇嘛之后,又一位出走 的宗教领袖,被公认为达赖喇嘛的继承者,并且是一位音乐和文学的天才。他的音乐CD,在西藏、中国和台湾,流传甚广。
我和我的朋友们,带着柏林文学节的使命,准备秘密前往,恭请噶玛巴。但是目前,在他出境的问题上,有一些外交上的麻烦。所以我恳请您,尊敬的 Westerwelle先生,通过您所熟悉的途径,与印度外交部门沟通,以达成这项绝佳的美事。这对不断自焚的西藏人,这对世界上唯一的"痛失国土"的种 族,该是个多麽大的鼓舞!
西藏这个长期弱势的族类,会像我和我的朋友们一样,由此记住以您为首的德国外交部门为他们无比爱戴的噶玛巴所做的一切。这将是一个历史性的事件,一个 1980后的宗教领袖,在文学节上,与来自世界各地的诗人、作家、艺术家交流--用诗篇和音乐--去抚慰那些自焚的亡魂,并预示一个希望渐渐升起的远景, 让前赴后继的自焚者渐渐止步。
正如你在给我的信中所言,无论我过去作为"时代录音机"的努力,还是今日作为"文学节主题嘉宾"的努力,都是"走向和解之路的一个痛苦但必要的过程"。所 以我冒昧地写信给您,我相信,对于我们恭请噶玛巴来柏林的这一追求公义的行动,会得到一个文化和历史记忆上,领先于他国的政府的支持。
盼望由您带来的佳音。
寄出这封信的六天之后,我们应邀在外交部,与十馀位外交官进行会谈,然后就是焦虑的等待。我们已经买好去印度的机票,但随后不得不退票。我打算去印度大使馆门前绝食抗议,但随后又被德国外长办公室竭力劝阻。我的护照影印此时由他们再次转递印度方面。
在我起草这篇演讲稿时,郭忆梅和廖天琪,这两位菩萨心肠的女性,或许正躲在自己家里,为藏人连绵的不幸而悲泣。我却说,如果失败,这是在西方世界,在一个 认可自由、平等、博爱的地方的暂时失败,比独裁铁腕下的危及生命的失败,要轻鬆多了。比达赖喇嘛和噶玛巴,负载着整个种族的命运,翻越喜马拉雅山脉,要轻 鬆多了。甚至比我去年不得不逃离中国,要轻鬆好些。
况且,当我放下写作,步行去这条大街尽头的墓地,平息久久起伏的心潮之际,电话意外地响了。是外长办公室。他们説,已经向印度政府表态,支持我们离境,欢迎噶玛巴入境。
我说,作为来自中国的底层艺人,我的乐器已经准备妥当。
外长办公室説,请您再等等。
廖亦武 2012年8月3日于柏林
廖亦武在柏林文学节开幕式上发表演讲
---2011.7
德新社:廖亦武流亡德國柏林/北京據德新社報導,中國著名作家廖亦武逃往德國。在國內受到巨大壓力不出版他披露獄中經歷的新作《證詞》後,他於7月6日飛抵柏林。在接受《明鏡在線》採訪時,廖亦武明確表示,他不認為,現在的中國當局還會再讓他回中國。他指出,為能出境,他這次是表面上同意了當局禁止出版的做法。他說,為能出國,他不得不作出許諾,不在境外出版《證詞》,但我不再願意再在中國被當作人質。他作出許諾,是為了能獲得出境許可,而這樣的協議對一個作家而言是一種“無可言狀的侮辱”。他強調說,“對我而言,最重要的是自由,是出版,是寫作的自由”。德國S.菲舍爾出版社將於本月21日出版《證詞》(德語書名:《為了一首歌和百首歌》)。此後,廖亦武將分別前往美國和澳大利亞。 2012年,這位作家將獲得德國學術交流中心提供的獎學金,在德國逗留一年。此後,他將留在柏林。他說,他希望,如果現在的政府更換了,他能安全返回中國。他指出,“現在統治著中國的強人們有一顆骯髒和醜惡的心”。
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