pecuniary, tenure, feudal, feudalism, fief or fee, | Europe’s choice: Grow, or become a vassal vassal[名] 1 （封建時代の）封臣, 領臣, （一般に）配下, 従属者. 2 ((文))召し使い；奴隷；隷属者, 配下, しもべ become a vassal to one's fears 恐怖のとりことなる.
Europe risks becoming a continent “that cannot scale its own companies, power its own industry or arm its own defence”, states one expert. “The member states willing to act should do so. The rest can follow when they are ready”
And the emperor now is the Chinese Communist Party.”
SCMP.COM
US general claims China seeks return to era of vassal states
General Kenneth S. Wilsbach, commander of the US Pacific Air Forces,
SCMP.COM
US general claims China seeks return to era of vassal states
General Kenneth S. Wilsbach, commander of the US Pacific Air Forces,
tenure
- [ténjər]
[名]
1 [U]（特に大学教授の, 定年までの）長期在職権, 永任権.
2 [U]保有期間［条件］
one's tenure of life
寿命
寿命
during one's tenure of office
在職中に.
在職中に.
3 [U][C]保有, 保持；[U]財産［不動産］の保有.
［アングロフランス語←ラテン語tenūra （tenēre保つ＋-URE）. △TENABLE］
tén・ured
[形]- The act, fact, or condition of holding something in one's possession, as real estate or an office; occupation.
- A period during which something is held.
- The status of holding one's position on a permanent basis without periodic contract renewals: a teacher granted tenure on a faculty.
[Middle English, from Old French teneure, from tenir, to hold, from Latin tenēre, to hold.]
tenurial ten·u'ri·al (-yʊr'ē-əl) adj.tenurially ten·u'ri·al·ly adv.
feudal
(fyūd'l)
adj.
- Of, relating to, or characteristic of feudalism.
- Of or relating to lands held in fee or to the holding of such lands.
[形]
1 ((限定))封地の
a feudal domain
封土.
封土.
2 ((限定))封建的土地保有の；封建制度の
a feudal lord
封建領主, 大名.
封建領主, 大名.
3 ((限定))封建時代の
4 〈人・態度が〉封建的な.Japan's feudal period
日本の封建時代.
日本の封建時代.
feudalism 分據/割據制
(fyūd'l-ĭz'əm)
n.
- A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture.
- A political, economic, or social order resembling this medieval system.
feudalistic feu'dal·is'tic adj.
fee
[名]
1 手数料, 謝礼（金）, 料金, 納付金；((〜s))授業料(tuition fees)；公共料金
a lawyer's fee
弁護料
弁護料
an examination ［an insurance］ fee
受験［保険］料
受験［保険］料
a membership fee
会費
会費
a registration fee
書留料
書留料
the entrance fee
入場料
入場料
a medical fee
医療費
医療費
charge a fee
料金を取る.
料金を取る.
2 祝儀, チップ, 心づけ
a porter's fee
赤帽への心づけ.
赤帽への心づけ.
3 [U]
(1) 《法律》相続不動産権
(1) 《法律》相続不動産権
fee tail
限嗣不動産権.
(2) 《歴史》封土（権）.限嗣不動産権.
━━[動](feed or fee'd)(他)
1 …に料金［謝礼］を払う.
2 ((スコット))…を雇う.fief
[名]
1 （封建諸侯の）封土(feud).
2 世襲の領地.
［△FEE］
fief・dom
[名]＝fief 2.fee
(fē)
n.
- A fixed sum charged, as by an institution or by law, for a privilege: a license fee; tuition fees.
- A charge for professional services: a surgeon's fee.
- A tip; a gratuity.
- Law. An inherited or heritable estate in land.
- In feudal law, an estate in land granted by a lord to his vassal on condition of homage and service. Also called feud, fief.
- The land so held.
- To give a tip to.
- Scots. To hire.
in fee Law.
- In absolute and legal possession.
[Middle English fe, from Old English feoh, cattle, goods, money, and from Anglo-Norman fee, fief (from Old French fie, fief , of Germanic origin, akin to Old English feoh).]
WORD HISTORY It is possible to see the idea of money taking hold of the human mind by studying a few words that express the notion of wealth or goods. The word fee now denotes money paid or received for a service rendered. Fee comes from Old English feoh, which has three meanings, all equally ancient: "cattle, livestock"; "goods, possessions, movable property"; "money." The Germanic form behind the Old English is *fehu, which derives by Grimm's Law from Indo-European *peku-, "cattle." *Fehu is therefore a cognate of Latin pecu, "cattle," also a direct descendant of Indo-European *peku-. Latin pecu has several derivatives that ultimately were borrowed into English. One was pecūnia, "money," the source of our word pecuniary. Another was pecūliāris, "pertaining to one's pecūlium or property," the source of our word peculiar. Finally, our word peculator comes from yet a third derivative, pecūlātor, "embezzler of public money, peculator."
pecuniary
Line breaks: pe¦cu¦ni|aryPronunciation: /pɪˈkjuːnɪəri /
ADJECTIVE
• formalDerivatives
Origin
early 16th century: from Latin pecuniarius, from pecunia'money', from pecu 'cattle, money'.
vassal
- [vǽsəl]
[名]
1 （封建時代の）封臣, 領臣, （一般に）配下, 従属者.
2 ((文))召し使い；奴隷；隷属者, 配下, しもべ
become a vassal to one's fears
恐怖のとりことなる.
恐怖のとりことなる.
━━[形]
1 封臣［家臣］の, 臣下の；臣下の地位をもつ.
2 隷属［従属, 奴隷］的な
［もとは中ラテン語vassallus（vassus使者＋-allus名詞語尾）］a vassal relationship
従属関係.
従属関係.
觀點：中國和其他國家長期以來都善於利用供應鏈優勢──歐盟也應該這麼做。
Opinion: China and others have long been adept at using supply chains to their advantage — the EU should do the same. https://ft.trib.al/4h7mrQc
「扼喉行動」（Operation Choke Point）是歐巴馬政府在2013年至2017年間推行的一項舉措。在該行動中，聯邦機構向銀行施壓，要求其切斷與合法但「政治上不受歡迎」的企業（例如發薪日貸款機構、槍支銷售商和菸草公司）的聯繫。該行動透過限制金融服務管道來打擊特定產業，其「2.0」版本則將目標轉向加密貨幣公司。
「扼喉行動」（1.0）的關鍵面向：
起源：由司法部 (DOJ)、聯邦存款保險公司 (FDIC) 和消費者金融保護局 (CFPB) 發起，旨在打擊詐欺行為。
機制：透過監管壓力，鼓勵銀行識別高風險的合法企業並停止為其提供服務。
目標產業：發薪日貸款機構、槍枝/彈藥經銷商、菸草零售商以及其他通常現金密集型企業。
爭議：批評者認為這是濫用監管權力，迫使銀行扮演執法者的角色，打擊合法但不被認可的行業。
「扼喉行動2.0」（加密貨幣）：
重點：對銀行施加類似的非正式壓力，要求其停止與數位資產（加密貨幣）公司進行銀行業務。
行動：據稱，聯邦監管機構使用警告信和「暫停」函來限制銀行與加密貨幣公司的合作。
結果：由於監管壓力巨大，許多銀行停止與加密貨幣實體開展業務，限制了該行業獲得銀行服務的管道。
註：有些解讀認為，這些行動是標準的風險評估，而非蓄意策劃的「扼喉行動2.0」。
+3
Operation Choke Point
was a 2013–2017 Obama administration initiative where federal agencies pressured banks to sever ties with lawful, yet "politically disfavored" businesses, such as payday lenders, gun sellers, and tobacco companies. It targeted industries by choking access to financial services, with "2.0" iterations targeting crypto firms. Key Aspects of Operation Choke Point (1.0):
- Origins: Initiated by the Department of Justice (DOJ), FDIC, and CFPB to combat fraud.
- Mechanism: Banks were encouraged through regulatory pressure to identify high-risk, legal businesses and cut their services.
- Targeted Sectors: Payday lenders, firearms/ammunition dealers, tobacco retailers, and other, often cash-intensive, businesses.
- Controversy: Critics viewed it as an abuse of regulatory authority, forcing banks to act as law enforcement against legal, but disapproved, industries.
Operation Choke Point 2.0 (Crypto):
- Focus: Similar, informal pressures applied to banks to de-bank digital asset (crypto) firms.
- Action: Federal regulators allegedly used warnings and "pause" letters to restrict bank involvement with crypto companies.
- Outcome: Many banks ceased doing business with crypto entities due to high regulatory pressure, limiting industry access to banking.
Note: Some interpretations argue that these actions were standard risk assessment rather than a deliberate, coordinated "Operation Choke Point 2.0".
Edward FishmanEdward Fishman
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Chokepoints: American Power in the Age of Economic Warfare Hardcover – February 25, 2025
by Edward Fishman (Author)
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Selected as a Best Book of the Year by The Economist, Financial Times, Bloomberg, and NPR • Finalist for the Financial Times Business Book of the Year Award
"Deftly written, Chokepoints is a compelling and dramatic narrative about the new shape of geopolitics."
— Daniel Yergin, The Wall Street Journal
"A timely, riveting world tour...[An] absorbing book."
— The Economist
“Remarkable...One of the most important books on economic warfare ever written.”
— Paul Kennedy, author of The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
The epic story of how America turned the world economy into a weapon, upending decades of globalization to confront a new authoritarian axis—Russia, China, and Iran.
It used to be that ravaging another country’s economy required blockading its ports and laying siege to its cities. Now all it takes is a statement posted online by the U.S. government.
In Chokepoints, Edward Fishman, a former top American sanctions official, takes us deep into the back rooms of power to reveal the untold history of the past two decades of U.S. foreign policy. As Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, and Ayatollah Khamenei wreaked havoc on the world stage, mavericks within the U.S. government built a fearsome new arsenal of economic weapons. Successive U.S. presidents have relied on these weapons to address the most pressing national security threats—for good and for ill.
Chokepoints provides a thrilling account of one of the most transformative developments of our time, demystifying how the U.S. government harnesses the power of Wall Street, Silicon Valley, and Big Oil against America’s enemies. At the center of the narrative are the trailblazing diplomats, lawyers, and financial whizzes who have masterminded America’s escalating economic wars against Russia, China, and Iran.
Control over economic chokepoints—such as the U.S. dollar, advanced microchip technology, and critical minerals—has become the key to geopolitical power in the twenty-first century. The result is a new world order: an economic arms race among great powers and a fracturing global economy. Chokepoints is the definitive account of how America pioneered a new, hard-hitting style of economic warfare—and how it’s changing the world.
Chokepoints: American Power in the Age of Economic Warfare
by Edward Fishman is a 2025 book exploring how the U.S. uses economic tools—sanctions, dollar dominance, and tech restrictions—as primary geopolitical weapons. It details the strategy behind targeting Russia, China, and Iran through key financial/technological bottlenecks. Key details regarding "Chokepoints" in the context of the New York Times and related topics:
- The Book: Chokepoints by Edward Fishman (published Feb 25, 2025, by Portfolio) covers the transformation of global economics into a weapon of war.
- Best Seller: The book is listed as a top seller and has been featured by The New York Times, The Economist, and Financial Times.
- Key Themes: The book focuses on how the U.S. government leverages "chokepoints" like Wall Street, Silicon Valley, and critical minerals to influence international affairs.
- Context: It describes a new era where economic warfare is a central component of national security strategy.
- Related Concept: Separate from this book, the New York Times has reported on physical infrastructure "choke points".
Chokepoints by Fishman is widely recognized as a critical analysis of modern geopolitics and economic strategy.
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