《大西洋月刊》
4小時
安妮洛瑞寫道,隨著克勞德代碼和ChatGPT的興起,白領們開始擔憂自己的工作——但他們真正應該問自己:「我是煤炭,還是一匹馬?」https://theatln.tc/ObKfJ9Jn
1915年,美國農場僱用了超過2600萬匹馬。一個世紀後,這些動物的工資單數量驟降至70萬匹。 「在拖拉機和卡車出現之前,農民需要馬匹,」洛瑞寫道。 「馬匹並沒有意識到自己即將失業,也沒有去申請工廠的工作。它們不會學習編程,也不會上社區大學。它們只是站在那裡吃胡蘿蔔。”
「人類在應對變革方面做得更好,」她繼續說道。 “我們適應,我們改變,我們繁榮,有時甚至蓬勃發展,即便機器人徹底改變了我們的工作——煤炭正是在這種情況下發揮作用。”
19世紀末,煤炭使英國成為工業革命的中心:它可以用來取暖、燒水、鍛造金屬或驅動引擎。然而,英國的煤炭儲量有限。一種解決方案是提高蒸汽機的效率,從而緩解對煤炭的需求——但同樣的改進也會降低消費品的價格,並進一步擴大煤炭在經濟中的滲透。這就是所謂的「傑文斯悖論」:試圖降低煤炭需求反而會增加需求。
「這種悖論也出現在勞動市場,許多工作中的人類都在扮演煤炭的角色,」洛瑞解釋。例如,程式設計師目前似乎就是煤炭。 「企業現在僱用的軟體工程師比一年前增加了6%,部分原因是企業主管急需員工來研究如何開發或實施人工智慧產品,」洛瑞寫道。
2016年,諾貝爾獎得主杰弗裡·辛頓曾提出,我們“應該停止培訓放射科醫生”,因為軟體很快就會讓他們過時。但醫學影像技術的進步為CT和MRI開闢了新的應用場景;而對放射科醫生解讀這些影像的需求實際上反而增加了。 「科技是人類工作的補充,而不是替代品。放射學和人工智慧也是如此,」洛瑞繼續說道。 “至少目前來看,人工智慧正在改變醫生的工作方式,而不是搶走他們的飯碗。”
🎨:《大西洋月刊》。圖片來源:環球歷史檔案/蓋蒂圖片社。
“Dàxīyáng yuèkān”
The Atlantic
4小時
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Following the rise of Claude Code and ChatGPT, white-collar workers are fearing for their jobs, Annie Lowrey writes—but what they should be asking themselves is: “Am I coal, or am I a horse?” https://theatln.tc/ObKfJ9Jn
American farms employed more than 26 million equines in 1915. A century later, the number of such animals on the payroll had collapsed to 700,000. “Farmers needed horses until tractors and trucks did their work better,” Lowrey writes. “Horses did not see the writing on the barn wall and start applying for factory jobs. They didn’t learn to code or attend community college. They stood there and ate carrots.”
“Humans have managed the tides of change far better,” she continues. “We adapt, we change, we prosper, and sometimes we thrive, even as a robot revolutionizes our job—which is where coal comes in.”
In the late 1800’s, coal made England the seat of the Industrial Revolution: you could use it to heat a home, boil water, forge a metal, or power an engine. Yet the country only had so much of it. One solution would be to improve steam engine efficiency, which would ease demand for coal—but those same improvements would drive down the price of consumer goods, and extend the penetration of coal into the economy. In what became known as the “Jevons paradox,” an attempt to lower the demand for coal would instead increase it.
“The paradox occurs in the labor market as well, with humans in many jobs standing in for coal,” Lowrey explains. Coders, for example, seem to be coal at the moment. “Businesses employ 6 percent more software engineers now than they did a year ago, in part because corporate executives are desperate for workers to figure out how to develop or implement AI products,” Lowrey writes.
In 2016, the Nobel laureate Geoffrey Hinton argued that we “should stop training radiologists” because software would soon render them obsolete. But improvements in medical imaging unlocked new use cases for CTs and MRIs; and the demand for radiologists to interpret them actually went up. “Technology acted as a complement to human work rather than a substitute for it. Ditto with radiology and AI,” Lowrey continues. “At least for now, artificial intelligence is changing how doctors do their job, not eating their lunch.”
🎨: The Atlantic. Source: Universal History Archive / Gett
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