F·R·利維斯（英語：Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis，1895年7月14日—1978年4月14日）是一位英國20世紀前中期的文學批評家[1]，先後執教於劍橋大學唐寧學院和約克大學。
Times obituary on Leavis in 1978 spoke of "his devotion to the cause of education and literature." He was said to have "bred teachers and critics rather than ...Read
The Great Tradition by FR Leavis 此書有漢譯本《偉大的傳統》。
The 100 best nonfiction books: No 31 – The Great Tradition by FR Leavis (1948)
The controversial critic’s statement on English literature is an entertaining,…
THEGUARDIAN.COM|由 ROBERT MCCRUM 上傳
The Great Tradition is a book of literary criticism written by F R Leavis, published in 1948 by Chatto & Windus.
Highlights of the book
In his work, Leavis names Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, and Joseph Conrad as the great English novelists. Within his argument he adds D.H. Lawrence to the pantheon of great novelists in English, though Leavis discusses Lawrence more in later works.
《偉大的傳統》是F·R·利維斯所寫的文學評論著作，由查託與溫德斯出版社於1948年出版。
本書重點
利維斯在書中將珍·奧斯汀、喬治·艾略特、亨利·詹姆斯和約瑟夫·康拉德列為英國偉大的小說家。在他的論述中，他將D·H·勞倫斯也納入了英國偉大小說家的行列，儘管利維斯在後來的著作中對勞倫斯的討論更為深入。
利維斯對狄更斯的作品（除《艱難時世》外）頗有微詞，認為其缺乏亨利·詹姆斯作品中所體現的「成熟的標準和興趣」。在小說中運用情節劇手法方面，利維斯也與約瑟夫‧康拉德的作品形成了鮮明的對比。在第 19 頁的一段話中，利維斯將狄更斯列為經典作家之一，但並非屬於偉大的傳統：“狄更斯是一位偉大的天才，並且永遠位列經典作家之列，這是毋庸置疑的。但他的天才之處在於他是一位偉大的娛樂家，而作為一名創作藝術家，他所承擔的責任在很大程度上僅限於此。”
Leavis disparaged Dickens except for his novel Hard Times, as lacking the "mature standards and interests" found in the works of Henry James. There was a similar contrast on the aspect of using melodrama in the novels, as compared to Joseph Conrad. In one statement on page 19, Leavis places Dickens among classic writers, but not in the great tradition: "That Dickens was a great genius and is permanently among the classics is certain. But the genius was that of a great entertainer, and he had for the most part no profounder responsibility as a creative artist than this description suggests."
On poetry
Leavis is sometimes viewed as having been a better critic of poetry than of the novel.[34] In New Bearings in English Poetry Leavis attacked the Victorian poetical ideal, suggesting that 19th-century poetry sought the consciously "poetical" and showed a separation of thought and feeling and a divorce from the real world. The influence of T. S. Eliot is easily identifiable in his criticism of Victorian poetry, and Leavis acknowledged this, saying in The Common Pursuit that, "It was Mr. Eliot who made us fully conscious of the weakness of that tradition" .[35] In his later publication Revaluation, the dependence on Eliot was still very much present, but Leavis demonstrated an individual critical sense operating in such a way as to place him among the distinguished modern critics.[citation needed]
The early reception of T. S. Eliot and the reading of Hopkins were considerably enhanced by Leavis's proclamation of their greatness.[citation needed] His criticism of Milton, on the other hand, had no great impact on Milton's popular esteem. Many of his finest analyses of poems were reprinted in the late work, The Living Principle.[citation needed]
論詩歌
利維斯有時被認為對詩的批評比對小說的批評更為出色。 [34] 在《英國詩歌的新方向》一書中，利維斯抨擊了維多利亞時代的詩歌理想，認為19世紀的詩歌追求自覺的“詩意”，表現出思想與情感的分離以及與現實世界的脫節。 T·S·艾略特的影響在利維斯對維多利亞時代詩歌的批評中顯而易見，利維斯本人也承認這一點，他在《共同追求》一書中寫道：「正是艾略特先生讓我們充分意識到這一傳統的缺陷。」[35] 在他後來的著作《重估》中，對艾略特的依賴十分明顯，但利維斯依然展現出的獨特批評使他躋身之列的傑出視角。 [來源請求]
利維斯對T·S·艾略特及其作品（霍普金斯）的推崇極大地促進了他們早期作品的傳播和霍普金斯作品的閱讀。 [來源請求] 然而，他對彌爾頓的批評並未對彌爾頓的公眾聲譽產生顯著影響。他許多最精彩的詩歌分析都收錄於其晚期著作《生活原則》（The Living Principle）。 [需要引用]
論小說
身為英國小說評論家，利維斯的主要觀點是，偉大的小說家對生命有著強烈的道德興趣，而這種道德興趣決定了他們小說形式的本質。 [36] 這一「傳統」下的作家都以嚴肅或負責的態度看待生活的道德複雜性，其中包括簡·奧斯汀、喬治·艾略特、亨利·詹姆斯、約瑟夫·康拉德和D·H·勞倫斯，但不包括托馬斯·哈代和查爾斯·狄更斯。在《偉大的傳統》一書中，利維斯試圖闡述他對形式/結構與道德興趣/藝術和生活之間恰當關係的理解。利維斯後來與他的妻子Q·D·利維斯共同撰寫了《小說家狄更斯》（Dickens the Novelist，1970），修正了他對狄更斯的看法。他也讚揚了納撒尼爾·霍桑、赫爾曼·梅爾維爾和馬克·吐溫等美國小說家的道德嚴肅性。 [需要引用]
On the novel
As a critic of the English novel, Leavis's main tenet stated that great novelists show an intense moral interest in life, and that this moral interest determines the nature of their form in fiction.[36] Authors within this "tradition" were all characterised by a serious or responsible attitude to the moral complexity of life and included Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad, and D. H. Lawrence, but excluded Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens. In The Great Tradition Leavis attempted to set out his conception of the proper relation between form/composition and moral interest/art and life. Leavis, along with his wife, Q.D. Leavis, was later to revise his opinion of Dickens in their study, Dickens the Novelist (1970). He also praised the moral seriousness of American novelists such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Mark Twain.[citation needed]
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