小詹姆士·麥迪遜（英語：James Madison Jr.，1751年3月16日—1836年6月28日）[5]，美國政治家、開國元勛、第四任總統 （1809年－1817年）。因在起草和力薦《美國憲法》和《權利法案》中的關鍵作用被譽為「憲法之父」。
麥迪遜出生於維吉尼亞州富裕的種植園家庭，於美國獨立戰爭期間任大陸會議和維吉尼亞下議院成員。在1780年代末期，他協助組織制憲會議，制定新憲法來替換失靈的邦聯條例。會後，麥迪遜成為修憲運動的領袖之一。他與約翰·傑伊及亞歷山大·漢密爾頓共同編寫《聯邦黨人文集》，力挺憲法。
1788年憲法通過之後，麥迪遜選入眾議院。期間，他成為喬治·華盛頓總統親密的顧問，是第一屆國會最突出的成員之一，協助通過法案，建立新政府。因起草前十條憲法修正案，麥迪遜也被譽為「權利法案之父」。雖然新憲法建立了強有力的聯邦政府，但在華盛頓任期內，麥迪遜反對財務部長亞歷山大·漢密爾頓主張的中央集權。為了反對漢密爾頓，托馬斯·傑弗遜和麥迪遜成立了民主共和黨，與漢密爾頓的聯邦黨抗衡，成為國家第一對主要政黨。在傑弗遜1800年勝選後，麥迪遜被任命為國務卿（1801-1809年）。在任內，麥迪遜主持購買路易斯安那，將國土面積翻倍。
麥迪遜在1808年勝選接任，並於1812年連任。因外交抗爭和貿易禁運失敗，美國與英國捲入1812年戰爭。由於美國軍力財力不強，戰爭打得一塌糊塗。麥迪遜不得不違心支持強大的國家政府和軍隊，以及國家銀行。史學家常視麥迪遜為優秀總統。
James Madison (March 16, 1751[b] – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison was popularly acclaimed the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights.
Madison was born into a prominent slave-owning planter family in Virginia. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War. Dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation, he helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution designed to strengthen republican government against democratic assembly. Madison's Virginia Plan was the basis for the convention's deliberations. He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution and joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays that remains prominent among works of political science in American history. Madison emerged as an important leader in the House of Representatives and was a close adviser to President George Washington. During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton. Alongside Thomas Jefferson, he organized the Democratic–Republican Party in opposition to Hamilton's Federalist Party. Madison served as Jefferson's Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809, during which time Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase.
Madison was elected president in 1808. Motivated by desire to acquire land held by Britain, Spain, and Native Americans, and after diplomatic protests with a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American shipped goods, Madison led the United States into the War of 1812. Although the war ended inconclusively, many Americans viewed it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. Madison was re-elected in 1812. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. He presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816. By treaty or through war, Native American tribes ceded 26 million acres (11 million ha) of land to the United States under Madison's presidency.
Retiring from public office at the end of his presidency in 1817, Madison returned to his plantation, Montpelier, and died there in 1836. Madison was a slave owner; he freed one slave in 1783 to prevent a slave rebellion at Montpelier, but did not free any in his will. Among historians, Madison is considered one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States. Leading historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president, although they are critical of his endorsement of slavery and his leadership during the War of 1812. Madison's name is commemorated in many landmarks across the nation, with prominent examples including Madison Square Garden, James Madison University, the James Madison Memorial Building, and the USS James Madison.
Madison is also portrayed in the popular musical Hamilton, played by Joshua Henry in the original 2013 Vassar version and then revised by Okieriete Onaodowan for the 2015 Broadway opening.[336][337][338] Onaodowan won a Grammy Award for his portrayal of Madison.[339]
James Madison facts and photos
National Geographic Kids
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NAME: James Madison; NICKNAME: Father of the Constitution; BORN: March 16, 1751, in Port Conway, Virginia; DIED: June 28, 1836, in Montpelier, Virginia ...
Remaking James Madison's Montpelier
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May 30, 2008 — With the goal of promoting his legacy, a $24-million project is currently restoring Madison's Georgian-style home in Virginia to what it looked ...
The Roles of State and Federal Governments
National Geographic Society
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As Founding Father James Madison explained, the powers given to each state "concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the people." They serve to advance ...
Past inaugural addresses show the way forward through ...
National Geographic
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Jan 19, 2021 — Rallying: March 4, 1813. At his second inauguration in March 1813, James Madison, the United States' first wartime president, had to make a case ...
James Madison - Students
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The Father of the Constitution, James Madison was the fourth president of the United States, serving from 1809 to 1817.
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