2026年2月4日 星期三

Ovid’s Heroides ("The Heroines") 奧維德的《女英雄書信集》(Heroides)是一部由21首拉丁文哀歌體對句寫成的書信體詩歌集,以第一人稱視角,講述了被拋棄或飽受折磨的神話女性寫給遠方愛人的感人信件。 當庫迪佩Cydippe 前往狄安娜神廟獻祭時,暗戀她的阿孔提烏斯將一個蘋果扔進祭壇,蘋果上寫著:「我以狄安娜神廟的名義發誓,我將嫁給阿孔提烏斯 I will marry Acontius.’ Cydippe。」庫迪佩大聲朗讀了這些話,使之成為莊嚴的誓言。

 

什麼是荷蘭黃金世紀畫家?


2024年2月5日


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庫迪佩與阿孔提烏斯的蘋果,


保羅斯·博爾,約1645年-約1655年


荷蘭國家博物館。布面油畫。 151 x 113.5公分。


這幅畫取材自羅馬詩人奧維德的《女傑書簡》。當庫迪佩前往狄安娜神廟獻祭時,暗戀她的阿孔提烏斯將一個蘋果扔進祭壇,蘋果上寫著:「我以狄安娜神廟的名義發誓,我將嫁給阿孔提烏斯。」庫迪佩大聲朗讀了這些話,使之成為莊嚴的誓言。

Cydippe with the Apple of Acontius,
Paulus Bor, c. 1645 - c. 1655
Rijksmuseum. Oil on canvas. 151 x 113,5 cm.
This scene is taken from the Heroides by the Roman poet Ovid. When Cydippe went to make an offering at the temple of Diana, Acontius, who was secretly in love with her, threw an apple inside with the following words written on it: ‘I swear by the sanctuary of Diana that I will marry Acontius.’ Cydippe read the words aloud, thus turning them into a solemn vow.


人工智慧概述


奧維德的《女英雄書信集》(Heroides)是一部由21首拉丁文哀歌體對句寫成的書信體詩歌集,以第一人稱視角,講述了被拋棄或飽受折磨的神話女性寫給遠方愛人的感人信件。這些「虛構書信」創作於公元前1世紀末,探討了背叛、激情和心理創傷等主題,其中的人物包括狄多、美狄亞和佩涅洛佩。


《女英雄書信集》的關鍵要素:


結構:書信集由15封女英雄寫給男英雄的獨立信件(1-15)組成,之後是6封「雙女英雄書信集」(16-21),講述的是戀人之間的成對通信(例如,帕里斯和海倫)。


人物與主題:書中人物包括佩涅洛佩(寫給尤利西斯)、狄多(寫給埃涅阿斯)和阿里阿德涅(寫給忒修斯),著重描寫了她們在遭受虐待或拋棄後所經歷的情感煎熬、渴望和絕望。


文學創新:奧維德重新詮釋了傳統神話,他著重刻畫女性角色的內心世界和情感視角,而非男性主角的英雄事蹟。


影響:這部作品被認為是現代心理小說和書信體小說的先驅,對後世文學產生了深遠的影響。


作者歸屬:雖然前15篇作品的作者身份已被廣泛接受,但《雙女傑書信集》(16-21篇)和《薩福書信集》(15篇)的作者身份有時仍存在爭議,儘管它們與奧維德的傳統緊密相連。


《女傑書信集》著重寫了愛情帶來的痛苦,以及角色在經歷被拋棄後的掙扎,在當時獨樹一格地聚焦在女性的主體性和情感體驗。


Ovid’s Heroides ("The Heroines") is a collection of 21 epistolary poems written in Latin elegiac couplets, presenting dramatic, first-person letters from abandoned or distressed mythological women to their absent lovers. Written late 1st century BCE, these "fictional letters" explore themes of betrayal, passion, and psychological distress, featuring figures like Dido, Medea, and Penelope. Key Aspects of the Heroides:
  • Structure: The collection consists of 15 individual letters (1–15) from heroines to heroes, followed by six "Double Heroides" (16–21), which are paired exchanges between lovers (e.g., Paris and Helen).
  • Characters & Themes: Characters include Penelope (to Ulysses), Dido (to Aeneas), and Ariadne (to Theseus), focusing on their emotional turmoil, longing, and despair after being mistreated or abandoned.
  • Literary Innovation: Ovid reimagines traditional myths by focusing on the inner, emotional perspective of the female character rather than the heroic action of the male protagonist.
  • Impact: The work is considered a precursor to the modern psychological novel and epistolary fiction, heavily influencing later literature.
  • Authorship Note: While the first 15 are widely accepted, the authorship of the "Double Heroides" (16–21) and the letter of Sappho (XV) is sometimes debated, though they are firmly linked to the Ovidian tradition.
The Heroides highlights the intense suffering caused by love, as the characters navigate abandonment, offering a, for its time, unique focus on female subjectivity and emotional experience.

蘇格蘭哲學家、散文家和歷史學家托馬斯·卡萊爾 Thomas Carlyle的遺言《托馬斯‧卡萊爾著作集》(三十卷本)。倫敦:查普曼和霍爾出版社。 第一卷:《衣裳哲學:特費爾斯德羅克先生的生平與見解》(三卷本)(1831) 第二至四卷:《法國大革命史》(1837) 第五卷:《論英雄、英雄崇拜與歷史上的英雄事蹟》(1841) 第六至九卷:《奧利佛‧克倫威爾書信與演講集:附註》(1845) 第十卷:《過去與現在》(1843) 第十一卷:約翰‧史特林傳(1851年) 第十二至十九卷:普魯士國王腓特烈二世(又稱腓特烈大帝)史(1858-1865年) 第二十卷:後世小冊子(1850年) 第二十一至二十二卷:德國浪漫小說:德文譯本,附傳記與評論(1827年) 第二十三至二十四卷:威廉‧邁斯特的學徒生涯與遊記,譯自歌德的德文作品(1824年) 第二十五卷:弗里德里希‧席勒傳,及其作品評述(1825年) 第二十六至三十卷:評論與雜文。 Frederick the Great ( 腓特烈大帝1712-1786) 作者:Carlyle, Thomas書名:History of Friedrich II. of Prussia called Frederick the Great,



這則勵志故事,待查證。
事實上是否指他將朋友把“法國革命史”遺失之後,重寫出。
卡萊爾作品 主要著作 卡萊爾著作的標準版本是《三十卷本著作集》,又稱百年紀念版。此處標註的日期為著作「最初出版」的日期。 特雷爾,亨利·達夫編 (1896–1899)。 《托馬斯‧卡萊爾著作集》(三十卷本)。倫敦:查普曼和霍爾出版社。 第一卷:《衣裳哲學:特費爾斯德羅克先生的生平與見解》(三卷本)(1831) 第二至四卷:《法國大革命史》(1837) 第五卷:《論英雄、英雄崇拜與歷史上的英雄事蹟》(1841) 第六至九卷:《奧利佛‧克倫威爾書信與演講集:附註》(1845) 第十卷:《過去與現在》(1843) 第十一卷:約翰‧史特林傳(1851年) 第十二至十九卷:普魯士國王腓特烈二世(又稱腓特烈大帝)史(1858-1865年) 第二十卷:後世小冊子(1850年) 第二十一至二十二卷:德國浪漫小說:德文譯本,附傳記與評論(1827年) 第二十三至二十四卷:威廉‧邁斯特的學徒生涯與遊記,譯自歌德的德文作品(1824年) 第二十五卷:弗里德里希‧席勒傳,及其作品評述(1825年) 第二十六至三十卷:評論與雜文

By Carlyle

Major works

The standard edition of Carlyle's works is the Works in Thirty Volumes, also known as the Centenary Edition. The date given is when the work was "originally published."



Thomas Carlyle
Portrait c. 1865
Born4 December 1795
Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
Died5 February 1881 (aged 85)
London, England
Spouse
(m. 1826; died 1866)
Education
Alma materUniversity of Edinburgh
Philosophical work
Notable ideas
Signature



687
「這就是死亡。唉!」——這是蘇格蘭哲學家、散文家和歷史學家托馬斯·卡萊爾的遺言,他於1881年的今天去世。圖中是一幅19世紀晚期由日本文部科學省製作的版畫,描繪了卡萊爾痛苦的神情。版畫上的文字大致翻譯為:「一隻狗打翻了桌上的燈,桌上放著卡萊爾多年來精心撰寫的重要手稿。他的手稿著火化為灰燼,卡萊爾也因此患上了抑鬱症(?)。最終,一切都還不錯。」 點擊此處查看更多描繪西方著名發明家和學者在危機時刻的系列作品:

"So, this is death. Well!" — the final words of the Scottish philosopher, essayist, and historian Thomas Carlyle, who died on this day in 1881. Pictured here is a late 19th-century print produced by the Japanese Department of Education showing Carlyle in a state of some distress. The writing in the print can roughly be translated as "A dog knocked over the lamp on the table which held Carlyle’s important papers on which he had worked for many years. His manuscript caught fire, turned to ash, and Carlyle became sick from depression(?). In the end, everything still turned out great." See more from the series depicting famous Western inventors and scholars at times of crises here: https://publicdomainreview.org/....../japanese-prints....../





書名:History of Friedrich II. of Prussia called Frederick the Great,語言:英文,ISBN:9783864034299,頁數:358,作者:Carlyle, Thomas
書名:History of Friedrich II of Prussia Frederick The Great Volume VII,語言:英文,ISBN:9789362760494,頁數:114,作者:Carlyle, Thomas, ...
腓特烈二世
Friedrich II
《腓特烈大帝像》
安頓·格拉夫繪,1781年
在普魯士的國王(至1772年)
普魯士國王(1772年之後)
布蘭登堡選侯
統治1740年5月31日 – 1786年8月17日(46年78天)
前任腓特烈·威廉一世
繼任腓特烈·威廉二世
出生1712年1月24日
 普魯士王國柏林
逝世1786年8月17日(74歲)
 普魯士王國波茨坦無憂宮
安葬
配偶布藍茲維-沃爾芬比特爾-貝沃恩的伊麗莎白·克莉絲汀
王朝霍亨索倫王朝
父親腓特烈·威廉一世
母親漢諾威的索菲亞·多蘿西婭
簽名腓特烈二世 Friedrich II的簽名
WQXR 在播
Frederick the Great 作曲
Concerto for Flute No. 3 in C Major


腓特烈二世德語Friedrich II von Preußen, der Große,1712年1月24日-1786年8月17日),史稱腓特烈大帝普魯士國王(1740年5月31日-1786年8月17日在位),軍事家政治家作家,作曲家。統治時期普魯士軍力大規模發展,領土大舉擴張,文化藝術得到贊助和支持,「德意志啟蒙運動」得以開展。其使普魯士在歐洲大陸取得大國地位,並在德意志內部取得霸權,向以普魯士為中心武力統一德意志的道路邁出第一步。腓特烈二世是歐洲歷史上最偉大的名將之一,也是歐洲「開明專制」君主的代表人物,並且為啟蒙運動時期的文化名人,在政治經濟哲學法律、甚至音樂諸多方面都頗有建樹,為啟蒙運動一大重要人物。




Frederick II (German: Friedrich; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was the thirdHohenzollern king, reigning over the Kingdom of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.[1]Frederick's achievements during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the Arts and the Enlightenment in Prussia, and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years' War. He became known asFrederick the Great (Friedrich der Große) and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz ("OldFritz") by the Prussian people.
In his youth, Frederick was more interested in music and philosophy than the art of war. He defied his authoritarian father, Frederick William I, and sought to run away with his best friend Hans Hermann von Katte. They were caught at the border and King Frederick William I nearly executed his son for desertion. After being pardoned, he was forced to watch the official beheading of Hans. Upon ascending to the Prussian throne, he attackedAustria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars, winning military acclaim for himself and Prussia. Near the end of his life, Frederick physically connected most of his realm by conquering Polish territories in the First Partition of Poland. He was an influential military theorist whose analysis emerged from his extensive personal battlefield experience and covered issues of strategy, tactics, mobility and logistics.
Frederick was a proponent of enlightened absolutism. He modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and pursued religious policies throughout his realm that ranged from tolerance to segregation.[2] He reformed the judicial system and made it possible for men not of noble stock to become judges and senior bureaucrats; he also encouraged immigrants of various nationalities to come to Prussia. Some critics, however, point out his oppressive measures against conquered Polish subjects.[3][4] Frederick supported arts and philosophers he favored, but at the same time enacted several laws censoring the press. Frederick is buried at his favorite residence, Sanssouci in Potsdam. Because he died childless, Frederick was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick William II, son of his brother, Augustus William.
Nearly all 19th century German historians made Frederick into a romantic model of a glorified warrior, praising his leadership, administrative efficiency, devotion to duty and success in building up Prussia to a leading role in Europe. Historian Leopold von Rankewas unstinting in his praise of Frederick's "Heroic life, inspired by great ideas, filled with feats of arms...immortalized by the raising of the Prussian state to the rank of a power."Johann Gustav Droysen was even more extolling.[5] Frederick remained an admired historical figure through the German Empire's crushing defeat in First World War, and the Nazis glorified him as a great German leader pre-figuring Hitler, but his reputation became far less favorable in 1945 in both East and West Germany after the fall of the Nazi regime, largely due to his status as a favorite icon of the Nazis.[6]






Frederick the Great disliked Jews, Poles, Russians and, when the mood took him, almost everyone else. In fact, the only creatures he loved were his dogs http://econ.st/1JZ9zG7

Frederick the Great: King of Prussia. By Tim Blanning. Allen Lane; 672 pages; £30. To be published in America by Random House in March; $35. FREDERICK II of Prussia...
ECON.ST

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