2026年4月22日 星期三

Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States (2017) James Campbell Scott (1936 –2024) 作繭自縛:人類早期國家的深層歷史,中國政法大學出版社,2022。 為何自上而下的政府改良計劃經常失敗以及邊緣群體如何巧妙地削弱權威的研究,使他接受了無政府主義作為一種政治哲學。“吉姆的每一本書都很重要,而且每本書都各具特色。這些書名已經成為學術界日常用語的一部分。”

 

為何自上而下的政府改良計劃經常失敗以及邊緣群體如何巧妙地削弱權威的研究,使他接受了無政府主義作為一種政治哲學。

“但吉姆的每一本書都很重要,而且每本書都各具特色。這些書名已經成為學術界日常用語的一部分。”

A book cover with an illustration of an eye inside an empty cube.

Considered Dr. Scott’s most influential work, “Seeing Like a State” sought to explain why government programs to improve society often fail.Credit...Yale University Press
維基百科,自由的百科全書
詹姆斯·C·斯科特
James C. Scott
斯科特於2016年
出生1936年12月2日
 美國新澤西州蒙荷里[1]
逝世2024年7月19日(87歲)
 美國康乃狄克州杜倫
母校
科學生涯
研究領域政治學人類學
機構
博士生Ben Kerkvliet
Melissa Nobles
Erik Ringmar
達瑞克
受影響自馬克·布洛克 • 亞歷山大·恰亞諾夫 • John Dunn • 安東尼奧·葛蘭西 • 艾瑞克·霍布斯邦 • 賴特·米爾斯 • 巴林頓·摩爾 • 卡爾·波蘭尼 • 愛德華·帕爾默·湯普森 • 艾瑞克·沃爾夫 • Pierre Clastres • Ranajit Guha

詹姆斯·坎貝爾·斯科特(英語:James Campbell Scott,1936年12月2日—2024年7月19日)[2]是美國政治學家和人類學家以及比較政治學學者。他的研究領域為農業社會業和非國家社會、屬下階層無政府主義、東南亞的農民和他們對政府的反抗。[3]

斯科特在威廉士學院獲得學士學位,在耶魯大學獲得政治學碩士和博士學位。他在威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校任教至1976年,隨後在耶魯大學任教,是斯特林政治學教授,等級為斯特靈教席。自1991年起,他負責耶魯大學的農業研究項目。[2]他的居住地位於康乃狄克州杜倫,他曾經在那裡養過羊[4]。斯科特於2024年過世時,紐約時報描述他為被最多人閱讀其著作的社會科學家之一[5]Gabriel, Trip. James C. Scott, Iconoclastic Social Scientist, Dies at 87The New York Times. 2024-07-28 [July 28, 2024]ISSN 0362-4331. (原始內容存檔於July 28, 2024) (美國英語). 已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助

著作

斯科特的主要專著有:[6]

  • 《農民的道義經濟學:東南亞的反叛與生存》(The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia,1976)
  • 《弱者的武器:農民反抗的日常形式》(Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance,1980)
  • 《支配與抵抗藝術:潛隱劇本》(Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcript,1985)
  • 《國家的視角:那些試圖改善人類狀況的項目是如何失敗的》(Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed,1998)
  • 《逃避統治的藝術:東南亞高地的無政府主義歷史》(The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia,2008)
  • 《六論自發性:自主、尊嚴,以及有意義的工作和遊戲》(Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work,2013)
  • 《反穀:人類早期國家的深層歷史》(Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest Agrarian States,2017)


James Campbell Scott (December 2, 1936 – July 19, 2024) was an American political scientist and anthropologist specializing in comparative politics. He was a comparative scholar of agrarian and non-state societies.

Trained as a political scientist, Scott's scholarship discussed peasant societies, state power, and political resistance. From 1968 to 1985, Scott wrote influentially on agrarian politics in peninsular Malaysia.[1] While he retained a lifelong interest in Southeast Asia and peasantries, his later works ranged across many topics: quiet forms of political resistance, the failures of state-led social transformation, techniques used by non-state societies to avoid state control, commonplace uses of anarchist principles, and the rise of early agricultural states.

Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College and his MA and PhD in political science from Yale. He taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1976 and then at Yale, where he was Sterling Professor of Political Science. In 1991, he became director of Yale's Program in Agrarian Studies.[2] At the time of his death, The New York Times described Scott as among the most widely read social scientists.[3]

James C. Scott: An Editor’s Reflections

James C. Scott: An Editor’s Reflections

Jean E. Thomson Black— Yale University’s remembrance of James C. Scott beautifully summarizes his life and career. We focus in this reflection on Jim’s 57-year relationship with Yale University Press…READ MORE



Against the Grain

Published in August 2017, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States is an account of new evidence for the beginnings of the earliest civilizations that contradict the standard narrative. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture; the advantages of mobile subsistence; the unforeseeable epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain; and why all early states are based on milletscereal grains and unfree labor. He also discusses the "barbarians" who long evaded state control, as a way of understanding continuing tension between states and non-subject peoples.[26]

  • 2011 (Harvard): James Scott—"Four Domestications: Fire, Plants, Animals, and... Us"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Lectures_on_Human_Values

Brno的火葬場由建築師Ernst Wiesner (恩斯特·維斯納1890, in Malacky, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire – 1971, Liverpool)設計 (陳思宏7wiki)

 


昨天捷克新朋友Jana帶我去Brno的火葬場。Jana是建築專家,給了我非常飽足的幕前幕後。
Brno的火葬場由建築師Ernst Wiesner設計,上次來就很想去看看,可惜工作不允許。終於看到,身體收到很多震動。
最近對於死亡這文學議題,有許多想法。這火葬場非常清潔。用「美」來形容火葬場,我猜很多人會皺眉。但這是送行,人生最後一階,這麼美,有尊嚴。
我知道許多台灣人想到火葬場會覺得不吉,觸霉頭,我就不貼照片了。
我不是鐵齒。而是,誰不會死呢?終須一別。好好活,放鬆活,直到告別。
這真的是1920年代的捷克建築奇蹟。超過百年的建築,至今仍是Brno主要的送行。
有很多想法,就放進未來的作品吧。


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Memorial plaque to Ernst Wiesner in Brno

Ernst Wiesner, also known as Arnošt Wiesner (21 January 1890, in MalackyKingdom of HungaryAustro-Hungarian Empire – 15 July 1971, in Liverpool) was a modernist architect, one of the foremost interwar period architects of Brno. His ancestors with German surnames Wiesner came from the area of modern Austria.

From 1908 to 1913 Wiesner studied at the Technical University of Vienna and Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (taught by Friedrich Ohmann) in Vienna. After World War I he worked as an independent architect in the city of Brno, until 1939. Wiesner was a very active architect in the city between the World Wars. His work was greatly influenced by Adolf Loos and his pure constructions with their classicized balance and monumentality are amongst the best works to be constructed in Brno at that time.

With the Third Reich's increasing grip on Czechoslovakia, Wiesner emigrated to Great Britain where he lived for the remainder of his life, and joined the foreign anti-fascist resistance during World War II. During 1948-1950 he acted as a lecturer in the School of Architecture at the University of Oxford and during 1950–1960 at the University of Liverpool. In 1969 he was nominated to the rank of honorary doctor by the University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně (now Masaryk University) in Brno. When he died in 1971 he was buried in Liverpool's Allerton Cemetery.

布爾諾的恩斯特·維斯納紀念牌匾 恩斯特·維斯納(Ernst Wiesner),又名阿諾什特·維斯納(Arnošt Wiesner,1890年1月21日出生於奧匈帝國匈牙利王國馬拉茨基,1971年7月15日逝世於利物浦),是一位現代主義建築師,也是布爾諾兩次世界大戰期間最重要的建築師之一。他的祖先擁有德國姓氏維斯納,來自如今的奧地利地區。 1908年至1913年,維斯納在維也納技術大學和維也納美術學院(師從弗里德里希·奧曼)學習。第一次世界大戰後,他作為獨立建築師在布爾諾工作,直到1939年。維斯納在兩次世界大戰期間是布爾諾一位非常活躍的建築師。他的作品深受阿道夫·路斯的影響,他純粹的建築作品以其古典主義的平衡感和紀念性而著稱,是當時布爾諾最傑出的建築作品之一。 隨著第三帝國對捷克斯洛伐克的控制日益加強,維斯納移居英國,並在那裡度過了餘生。二戰期間,他加入了海外反法西斯抵抗運動。 1948年至1950年,他在牛津大學建築學院擔任講師;1950年至1960年,他在利物浦大學任教。 1969年,他被布爾諾的揚·埃萬傑利斯塔·普爾基涅大學(現馬薩里克大學)授予榮譽博士學位。 1971年去世後,他被安葬在利物浦的阿勒頓公墓。


Crematorium in Brno

網誌存檔