2024年12月13日 星期五

一休宗純(Ikkyū Sōjun,いっきゅうそうじゅん1394 - 1481)wikipedia 等 Some Japanese Portraits By Donald Keene,

 

 

一休宗純 (Ikkyū sōjun  1394—1481) wikipedia Some Japanese Portraits By Donald Keene,


漫談"Donald Keene 譯/著的日本文學"4:朝日周刊連載  日本文學500年散步  Some Japanese Portraits By Donald Keene, Illustrated by Motoichi Izawa

就短篇的文學史而言, 讀 Some Japanese Portraits By Donald Keene, 宜參考小西的書,了解這些小號大師的文學脈絡。

漫談"Donald Keene 譯/著的日本文學" 13: 最精彩的文章:唐納德.靳《導進文學核心的書》載於小西甚一(1915~2007)《日本文學史》,唐納德.靳《解說》鄭清茂譯,頁237~244 。 
小西甚一(2013)《日本文學史.跋》中有感人的兩人交往史各自發展成超過過3000頁的日本文學史 /日本文藝史的較量史 



Some Japanese Portraits

Front Cover
Kodansha International, 1983 - Biography & Autobiography - 228 pages
Illuminates the wealth, themes, and character of Japanese literature from the fifteenth century to 1912 by introducing Western readers to the life, work, and literary style of twenty-one Japanese poets and writers.

Bibliographic information


About the author (1978,1983 平裝本)

Donald Keene is an expert on Japanese literature and culture who was educated at Columbia University. Currently he is the Shincho Professor of Japanese Literature and University Professor Emeritus at Columbia University. Keene's books include The Pleasures of Japanese Literature and Essays in Idleness. His translations include Three Plays of Kobo Abe and Twenty Plays of the No Theater. His awards include the Kikuchi Kan Prize of the Society for the Advancement of Japanese Culture, the Japan Foundation Prize and the Tokyo Metropolitan Prize. He has honorary degrees from Cambridge University, St. Andrew's College and Middlebury College.



一休宗純 (Ikkyū sōjun  1394—1481)

Wikipedia 

一休宗純(日語:一休宗純いっきゅうそうじゅん Ikkyūsōjun,1394年2月1日—1481年12月12日),日本後小松天皇私生子 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),幼年出家,是室町時代禪宗臨濟宗的著名奇僧,也是著名的詩人書法家畫家法名宗純,又作宗順,號一休乳名千菊丸訓名周建齋名瞎驢庵夢閨,別號狂雲子瞎驢庵主人小清國等。通稱一休宗純,簡稱一休

身世

[編輯]

一休的父親是日本南北朝時期北朝後小松天皇,母親是藤原顯純的女兒藤侍從,一說是日野中納言的女兒伊羽局。當時的日本在幕府將軍足利義滿的統治下,結束了長達六十多年的南北對峙的局面,政權中心從鎌倉轉移到京都,史稱室町時代

由於一休的母親是被擊敗的南朝權臣藤原氏人,足利義滿逼迫後小松天皇將其逐出宮廷。足利義滿令一休從小就在京都安國寺出家,以免有後代。一休從未受過皇子的待遇,也從未以皇子自居。其父親在位期間曾數次召其入宮。

經歷

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一休宗純的墓地(京都府)

一休少時在安國寺出家,訓名「周建」,又在京都其他幾座寺院學習。

1410年(應永十七年),17歲的一休師從西金寺謙翁。謙翁給他起了法名「宗純」。

1414年,謙翁圓寂,一休悲痛不已,自殺未遂,後投入禪門大德寺高僧華叟宗雲門下。在大德寺期間,一休在船上聽到烏鴉叫聲而悟道。

1419年,一休25歲時,華叟以「一休」作為他的法號。典故為一休自己作的和歌:「欲從色界空界,姑且短暫作一休,暴雨傾盤由它下,狂風捲地任它吹。」

1428年,華叟病故,34歲的一休開始雲遊民間,此時室町幕府衰弱,日益受到地方諸侯大名威脅。

1471年(文明三年),一休78歲,遇到盲女藝人,與之相愛,之後一直照顧她。

1474年(文明六年),一休81歲時,受後土御門天皇的詔令,任大德寺第四十七代住持,以修繕因應仁之亂而荒廢的寺院。他晚年住在今天京都府京田邊市酬恩庵(俗稱「一休寺」)。

1481年12月12日(文明十三年十一月二十一日)時,一休因高燒不退而圓寂,享壽88歲。而日本此時已經進入了地方豪強混戰的戰國時代

一休屬於臨濟宗,但與淨土真宗法主蓮如是好友,曾持蓮如用以念佛無量壽佛塑像當枕頭,蓮如知道了,沒有生氣,而是揶揄了一休一番,兩人大笑。

一休早年曾嚴守梵行,但後來卻認為禪宗的禁慾清規虛偽,於是開始肉食飲酒,出入青樓,對於日本佛教來說,一休既是銳意革新的聖徒,又是一個離經叛道的顛僧。十六歲開始雲游天下,漢詩和歌號稱雙絕,自稱「淫酒淫色亦淫詩」,視佛家戒律於無物。據說作了不少描述他尋歡作樂,及後來對盲女「森」的愛情詩,可是這些詩文多是在一休死後甚久才出現,可能因為日本的許多藝術家都是一休的門徒,再加上一休行為誇張放蕩,經常成為好事者之標的。

他的弟子中有不少有才華的人在和歌連歌茶道和畫等方面做出的重大貢獻。

文化

[編輯]
  • 一休宗純擅長漢詩。13歲時作《長門春草》

15歲時作《春衣宿花》

因此二詩,使其聲名大噪。

  • 另外,一休的書法藝術和水墨畫技藝也頗有名氣。

《和靖梅下居》

著作

[編輯]

《狂雲集》、《續狂雲集》、《骸骨》、《自戒集》、《一休法語》和《佛鬼軍》等。


在1994年上映的NHK大河劇花之亂》中,奧田瑛二飾演一休宗純。

2012年日本推出了一休電影真人版《一休和尚》。

參考資料

[編輯]




身為大德寺住持的一休,與幕府影響下的五山派保持距離,否定許多行事與戒律,活得自由自在。一休許多行為都被身邊的人認為是「奇行」,而他的號(除了本名之外的名號)為「狂雲子」,似乎是刻意有些與眾不同的行徑。

文:大石學
勢力堪比大名——室町時代的佛教

室町時代因為幕府與守護的關係,成為一個眾人虔誠信仰佛教的時代,但不同宗派的盛衰卻有極大差別。


天台宗、真言宗等在平安時代興盛的宗派,隨著作為後盾的朝廷、公家沒落之後,加上莊園瓦解,勢力逐漸衰退。相反地,在鐮倉時代才有多人信仰,也就是所謂的「鐮倉佛教」(淨土宗、臨濟宗、淨土真宗、日蓮宗、曹洞宗、時宗)各宗派,則在室町時代持續拓展勢力。

鐮倉佛教普遍受到武士、農民、工商業者等社會各階層信仰,在日本全國各地也建設了許多佛寺,地方上的民眾都能接納。

其中室町幕府將軍與守護特別嚴密保護禪宗的「五山派」。由於幕府與守護都需要禪宗的祈禱,而禪宗需要幕府及守護來保障權益,兩者有一致的利害關係。然而,應仁.文明之亂以及明應政變後導致幕府權力下滑,五山派也受到了影響。失去了最大的靠山,五山派便隨之沒落。

不過,這並不代表禪宗整體都衰退了。一些並未選擇進入幕府的保護之下,而是往地方城市傳教的禪宗各派系,反倒配合地方上的發展,深受地方武士及庶民信仰。



一休宗純(いっきゅうそうじゅん)は、室町時代臨済宗大徳寺派詩人説話のモデルとしても知られる。


一休宗純(いっきゅうそうじゅん)は、室町時代臨済宗大徳寺派詩人説話のモデルとしても知られる。

生涯

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出生地は京都で、出自は後小松天皇落胤と伝えられている[注 1]。母親の出自は不詳だが、皇胤説に沿えば後小松天皇の官女で、その父親は楠木正成の孫と称する楠木正澄と伝えられ、三ツ島(現・大阪府門真市)に隠れ住んでいたという伝承があり、三ツ島に母親のものと言われるが現存する[3]

また、一休は地蔵院の近くで生まれた後[4]、6歳で出家するまで母(伊予局という)とともに地蔵院で過ごしたと伝えられている[5]

幼名は千菊丸と伝承され[6]、長じて周建の名で呼ばれ狂雲子、瞎驢(かつろ)、夢閨(むけい)などとも号した。戒名は宗純で、宗順とも書く。一休は道号

6歳で京都の安国寺[注 2]像外集鑑(ぞうがいしゅうかん)に入門・受戒し、周建と名付けられる。早くから詩才に優れ、応永13年(1406年)13歳の時に作った漢詩『長門春草』、応永15年(1408年)15歳の時に作った漢詩『春衣宿花』は洛中でも評判となった。

応永17年(1410年)、17歳で謙翁宗為(けんおうそうい)の弟子となり戒名を宗純と改める。ところが、謙翁は応永21年(1414年)に死去し、この頃に一休は自殺未遂を起こしており[7]、謙翁の死から一週間、石山観音に籠るも悟りが開けず近くの川に身を投げようとしたが、一休の様子が変だと一休の母から見張ることを指示されていた男が制止、説得されて自殺を思い止まったという[8]

応永22年(1415年)には、京都の大徳寺の高僧、華叟宗曇の弟子となる。「洞山三頓の棒」という公案に対し、「有漏路(うろぢ)より無漏路(むろぢ)へ帰る 一休み 雨ふらば降れ 風ふかば吹け」と答えたことから華叟より一休の道号を授かる。「有漏路(うろじ)」とは迷い(煩悩)の世界、「無漏路(むろじ)」とは悟り()の世界を指す。

応永27年(1420年)、ある夜にカラスの鳴き声を聞いて俄かに大悟する。華叟は印可状を与えようとするが、権威を否定する一休は辞退した。その毅然とした振る舞いを見た華叟は、口では「ばか者」と言いながらも笑って送り出したと伝わる。以後は詩、狂歌、書画と風狂の生活を送った。

文明2(1470年)、摂津国住吉大社神宮寺新羅寺本堂・薬師堂で森侍者(しんじしゃ)と出会う。

文明6年(1474年)、後土御門天皇の勅命により大徳寺の住持[注 3]を任せられた。寺には住まなかったが再興に尽力し、塔頭真珠庵は一休を開祖として創建された。また、戦災にあった妙勝寺を中興し草庵・酬恩庵を結び、後に「一休寺」とも呼ばれるようになった。天皇に親しく接せられ、民衆にも慕われたという。

文明13年(1481年)、酬恩庵(京都府京田辺市の薪地区)においてマラリアにより死去。満87歳没(享年88)。臨終の際の言葉は「死にとうない」であったと伝わる。墓(御廟所)は酬恩庵にあり「慈楊塔」と呼ばれるが、宮内庁が管理している陵墓である[注 4]ため、一般人が墓所前の門から内部への立ち入りはできないが、廟所の建物は外部からでも見える。参拝は門の前で行う。

逸話・作品

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伝・墨渓筆『一休宗純像』(奈良国立博物館所蔵)。1447年(文安4年)、一休が54歳の頃の作で、曲彔に座す一休は傍らに「朱鞘の大太刀」を立てる[10]。上部は一休の自賛。

以下のような逸話が伝わっている。

  • 印可の証明書や由来ある文書を火中に投じた。
  • 男色はもとより、仏教の菩薩戒で禁じられていた飲酒肉食女犯を行い、盲目の女性である森侍者(森女)という妻や岐翁紹禎という実子の弟子がいた。
  • 木製の刀身の朱鞘の大太刀を差すなど、風変わりな格好をして街を歩きまわった。これは「鞘に納めていれば豪壮に見えるが、抜いてみれば木刀でしかない」ということで、外面を飾ることにしか興味のない当時の世相を風刺したものであったとされる。
  • 親交のあった本願寺門主蓮如の留守中に居室に上がり込み、蓮如の持念仏の阿弥陀如来像を枕に昼寝をした。その時に帰宅した蓮如は「俺の商売道具に何をする」と言って、二人で大笑いしたという。
  • 正月にの頭にドクロをしつらえ、「ご用心、ご用心」と叫びながら練り歩いた。

こうした一見奇抜な言動は、中国臨済宗の僧・普化など唐代の禅者に通じ、禅宗の教義における風狂の精神の表れとされる。同時に、こうした行動を通して、当時の仏教の権威や形骸化を批判・風刺し、仏教の伝統化や風化に警鐘を鳴らしていたと解釈されている。彼の禅風は、直筆の法語『七仏通誡偈』が残されていることからも窺える。

このような戒律や形式に囚われない人間臭い生き方は、民衆の共感を呼んだ。江戸時代には、彼をモデルとした『一休咄』に代表される頓知咄(とんちばなし)を生み出す元となった。

一休は能筆で知られる。また、一休が村田珠光の師であるという伝承もあり、茶人の間で墨蹟が極めて珍重された(なお、珠光の師という説は現在の研究ではやや疑わしいとされる)。

著書(偽書を含む)に、『狂雲集』『続狂雲集』『自戒集』『一休骸骨』などがある。

東山文化を代表する人物でもある。また、足利義政とその妻日野富子の幕政を批判したことも知られる。


Ikkyū (一休宗純Ikkyū Sōjun, February 1, 1394 - December 12, 1481) was an eccentric, iconoclastic Japanese Zen Buddhist monk and poet. He had a great impact on the infusion of Japanese art and literature with Zen attitudes and ideals.[1] He is perhaps best known for his radical approach to Zen, which included breaking Buddhist monastic precepts and his stance against celibacy.[2]

Biography

[edit]

Childhood

[edit]

Ikkyū was born in 1394 in a small suburb of Kyoto. It is generally held that he was the son of Emperor Go-Komatsu and a low-ranking court noblewoman.[1] His mother was forced to flee to Saga, where Ikkyū was raised by servants. At the age of five, Ikkyū was separated from his mother and placed in a Rinzai Zen temple in Kyoto called Ankoku-ji, as an acolyte.[1][3] The temple masters taught Chinese culture and language as part of the curriculum, a method termed Gozan Zen. He was given the name Shuken, and learned about Chinese poetry, art and literature.

Training and enlightenment

[edit]

When Ikkyū turned thirteen he entered Kennin-ji in Kyoto to study Zen under a well known priest by the name of Botetsu. Here Ikkyū began to write poetry frequently that was non-traditional in form. He was openly critical of Kennin-ji's leadership in his poetry, disheartened with the social stratum and lack of zazen practice he saw around him. In 1410, at the age of sixteen, Ikkyū left Kennin-ji and entered the temple Mibu-dera, where an abbot named Seiso was in residence. He did not stay long, and soon found himself at Saikin-ji in the Lake Biwa region where he was the sole student of an abbot named Ken'o. It seemed Ikkyū had finally found a master that taught true Rinzai Zen as Ikkyū saw it. Ken'o was sporadic in his teaching style and was a strong believer in the supremacy of zazen. In 1414, when Ikkyū was 21, Ken'o died. Ikkyū performed funeral rites and fasted for seven days. In despair Ikkyū tried to kill himself by drowning himself in Lake Biwa, but was talked out of it from the shore by a servant of his mother.

Ikkyū soon found a new teacher in a master named Kaso at Zenko-an, a branch temple of Daitoku-ji. Kaso was much like Ken'o in his style. For years he worked hard on assigned kōan and made dolls for a local merchant in Kyoto. In 1418 Ikkyū was given Case 15 of the Mumonkan, ("The Gateless Gate", a famous set of 49 kōan), known as "Tozan's Three (or 60?) Blows", which depicts Tozan becoming enlightened when Ummon rebukes him for wandering from one monastery to another. One day a band of blind singers performed at the temple and Ikkyū penetrated his kōan while engrossed in the music. In recognition of his understanding Kaso gave Shuken the Dharma name Ikkyū, which roughly means 'One Pause'. In 1420, Ikkyū was meditating in a boat on Lake Biwa when the sound of a crow sparked satori.

When Ikkyū told Kasō of his experience, Kasō replied, "This is the enlightenment of a mere arhat, you’re no master yet.” To this, Ikkyū responded, “Then I’m happy to be an arhat, I detest masters.” Thus, Kasō declared, “Ha, now you really are a master.”[4] Kasō confirmed Ikkyū's great enlightenment and granted him inka. However, when presented with his inka, Ikkyū threw it to the ground and stomped off. Kasō retained the inka for safekeeping, but when Ikkyū learned of this, he tore it to pieces. Later, when his disciples had it pieced back together, Ikkyū burned it completely.[5]

Ikkyū came up against the jealousy of Yoso, a more senior student who eventually came to run the monastery. In Ikkyū's poems, Yoso appears as a character unhealthily obsessed with material goods, who sold Zen to increase the prosperity of the temple.

Vagabond

[edit]

Ikkyū could sometimes be a troublemaker. Known to drink in excess, he would often upset Kaso with his remarks and actions to guests. In response, Kaso gave inka to Yoso and made him Dharma heir. Ikkyū quickly left the temple and lived many years as a vagabond. He was not alone, however, as he had a regular circle of notable artists and poets from that era. Around this time, he established a sexual relationship with a blind singer, Mori, who became the love of his later life.

Ikkyū strove to live Zen outside of formal religious institutions. However, the Ōnin War had reduced Daitokuji to ashes, and Ikkyū was elected to be its abbot late in life, a role he reluctantly took on. This firmly placed him in one of the most important Zen lineages. However, Ikkyū refused to give formal sanction to any of his disciples, stating his intent thus: “I have never given inka to anyone. . . . So if after I’m gone, someone comes claiming to have my inka, you should report him to the authorities and prosecute for criminal misconduct. That’s why I’m telling everyone the facts by way of a written testament.”[6] Toward the end of his life, Ikkyū told his disciples:

After my death some of you will seclude yourselves in the forests and mountains to meditate, while others may drink saké and enjoy the company of women. Both kinds of Zen are fine, but if some become professional clerics, babbling about 'Zen as the way,' they are my enemies. I have never given an inka, and if anyone claims to have received such a thing from me, have him or her arrested![7]

In 1481, Ikkyū died at the age of 87 from acute ague.

Non-celibacy

[edit]

Ikkyū felt a close connection with the Chinese Chan master, Linji, for whom everyday ordinary activities expressed the buddha-nature. Linji said, "Shit and piss and just be human; when hungry, eat; when tired, sleep; make yourself the master of every situation!"[8] According to Yanagida, this represents a recognition of the "fundamental value of the human being."[9] Ikkyū was inspired by such an attitude, taking it to include sexual needs as well. "If you are thirsty," Ikkyū said, "you dream of water; if you are cold, you dream of a warm coat; as for me, I dream of the pleasures of the boudoir—that's my nature!"[10]

For Ikkyū, sex was a form of spiritual practice. He regarded sex in light of the nonduality of desire and bodhi, and it also served as a means for him to test his own sense of enlightenment as well.[11] According to John Stevens, "For Ikkyū, the passions were the anvil on which true enlightenment is forged."[12] Ikkyū wrote that sex was better than sitting in meditation and working on koans:

Rinzai's disciples never got the Zen message,
But I, the Blind Donkey, know the truth:
Love play can make you immortal.
The autumn breeze of a single night of love is better than a hundred thousand years of sterile sitting meditation . . .

Stilted koans and convoluted answers are all monks have,
Pandering endlessly to officials and rich patrons.
Good friends of the Dharma, so proud, let me tell you,
A brothel girl in gold brocade is worth more than any of you.[13]

Ikkyū also came to embrace the view, found in Esoteric Buddhism, that the body is the real Buddha. Thus, when he practiced Zen, he practiced with the body as well as the mind.[14] Such a tantric attitude, which draws on the language of alchemy, can be seen in the following:

A sex-loving monk, you object!
Hot-blooded and passionate, totally aroused.
But then lust can exhaust all passion,
Turning base metal into pure gold.

The lotus flower
Is not stained by the mud;
This dewdrop form,
Alone, just as it is,
Manifests the real body of truth.[15]

Legacy

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Ikkyū is one of the most significant (and eccentric) figures in Zen history. To Japanese children, he is a folk hero, mischievous and always outsmarting his teachers and the shōgun. In addition to passed down oral stories, this is due to the very popular animated TV series Ikkyū-san.

In Rinzai Zen tradition, he is both heretic and saint.[16] He was among the few Zen priests who addressed the subject of sexuality from a religious context, and he stood out for arguing that enlightenment was deepened by partaking in love and sex, including lovers, prostitutes and monastic homosexuality.[2][16][17] He believed that sex was part of the human nature, and therefore purer than hypocritical organizations and worldly pursuits. At the same time, he warned Zen against its own bureaucratic politicising.[2]

Usually he is referred to as one of the main influences on the Fuke sect of Rinzai zen, as he is one of the most famous flute player mendicants of the medieval times of Japan. The piece "Murasaki Reibo" is attributed to him. He is credited as one of the great influences on the Japanese tea ceremony, and renowned as one of medieval Japan's greatest calligraphers and sumi-e artists.

Ikkyū wrote in Kanbun-style classical Chinese, which was employed by many contemporary Japanese authors. For instance, the "Calling My Hand Mori's Hand" poem.

Ikkyū is also connected with a Hell Courtesan, who became his disciple.[19]


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