民進建黨起草黨章時遇到一精微但很重要的民主難題。那就是中央黨部和國會黨圈關係的難題。這在國民黨和共產黨的黨國體制下,都不成問題:當然是黨指揮黨團、黨團聽主席的。
但民進黨遇到一個難題:黨團是經內部民主產生的,更重要的,黨團的立委都是民選的有直接的民竟基礎。沒有直接民意授權基礎的中央黨部適合指揮黨團嗎?
這在民主國家基本也不成問題。內閣制實質上是黨團領導黨;總統制,基於權力分立原則,黨團自主,至於總統對黨團成員只能「道德勸說」,不能指揮黨團。
由於我國雖然憲政不明,但民主原則仍必須遵守,於是黃爾璇教授以寬鬆而不明確的「黨團自主」起草黨章,大家都接受。
由於「黨團自主」意義格於憲政體制而無法明確,因此如今黨團po戒嚴文,到底黨主席要如何處理,就有爭議空間。幸好黨團迅速刪文,表示不只黨沒有戒最動機,至於黨團,也一樣。個別議員縱有戒嚴動機,黨團也不接受。因此戒嚴文風波,連茶壺裹風波都沒有掀起。但因憲政體制不明,所謂 「黨團自主」定義仍是不確定懸案。
最後,藍黨迄今沒人正經探討民主化後兩者關係,「黨團自主」仍是禁語,只是實質演變成山大王自主,不斷自走放砲轟低黨的聲譽。
克魯泡特金Peter Kropotkin(1842 1921) 的《麵包與自由》《互助論》(Mutual Aid)《我的自傳》
克魯泡特金(1842 1921),俄國無政府主義理論家和社會活動家。代表作有《互助論》《我的自傳》《面包與自由》等。他的理論深受進化論的影響,認為人類社會是在不斷進化的,但這種進化不是通過殘酷的生存競爭的方式來實現,而是通過人類的互助來實現。互助是人類的本能,依靠互助,人類能夠建立和諧的社會。作為無政府主義社會活動家,克魯泡特金四十年流亡在外,歷經磨難。他的思想,在19世紀后期至2(泄紀初,對中國的思想界產生過較大影響。像劉師培、章太炎及作家巴金等都曾受其思想的影響。
On this day, 9 December 1842, revolutionary, scientist, and philosopher Peter Kropotkin was born in Russia. He later abandoned his aristocratic background in favour of the working class struggle.
He participated in the 1917 Russian revolution, and wrote numerous influential works, including Mutual Aid: a Factor of Evolution. In this work he criticised interpretations of the ideas of Charles Darwin which focused on competition, and highlighted instances of cooperation in the
natural world.
"If we ... ask Nature: 'who are the fittest: those who are continually at war with each other, or those who support one another?' we at once see that those animals which acquire habits of mutual aid are undoubtedly the fittest. They have more chances to survive, and they attain, in their respective classes, the highest development of intelligence and bodily organisation."
These ideas continue to be influential today.
Evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote of Kropotkin: "I would hold that Kropotkin’s basic argument is correct. Struggle does occur in many modes, and some lead to cooperation among members of a species as the best pathway to advantage for individuals. If Kropotkin overemphasized mutual aid, most Darwinians in Western Europe had exaggerated competition just as strongly. If Kropotkin drew inappropriate hope for social reform from his concept of nature, other Darwinians had erred just as firmly (and for motives that most of us would now decry) in justifying imperial conquest, racism, and oppression of industrial workers as the harsh outcome of natural selection in the competitive mode."
演化生物學家史蒂芬傑古爾德這樣評價克魯泡特金:「我認為克魯泡特金的基本論點是正確的。鬥爭確實以多種方式發生,其中一些導致物種成員之間的合作,這是個體獲得優勢的最佳途徑。西歐的大多數達爾文主義者也同樣強烈地誇大了競爭,那麼其他達爾文主義者在為帝國辯護時也同樣堅定地犯了錯誤(出於我們大多數人現在會譴責的動機)。征服、種族主義和壓迫是競爭模式下自然選擇的嚴酷結果。
Kropotkin's ideas were central in the theoretical foundation of contemporary anarchist communism.
鄭學稼的《中共興亡史》四大冊*、克魯泡特金的《麵包與自由》等等,不知道是否包括了這本《西行漫記》
鄭學稼的《中共興亡史》無異於一部包括中國近代史的中共興起史。從清末腐敗列強入侵開始一路寫到辛亥革命、民國初期的軍閥內鬥、到共產黨建黨為止。
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