生平
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新渡戶稻造畢業於札幌農學校（今北海道大學）。早年曾留學歐美，先後入讀約翰霍普金斯大學和哈勒大學。
1883年，於德國哈雷-維滕貝格大學（Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg）取得農業經濟博士學位[1]。曾擔任國際聯盟副事務長、臺灣總督府民政部殖産局長，第一高等學校（現東京大學前身之一）校長，也是東京女子大學的創立者。1891年與美國人瑪麗·埃爾金頓（Mary Elkinton，日本名：萬里子）在費城結婚。
1891年，新渡戶稻造回國赴任札幌農學校的教授。但之後由於夫婦兩人的身體狀況皆不佳，因此暫時停職，前往加州休養。在1900年的靜養期間，新渡戶稻造所書寫的《武士道：日本之魂》一書，先後被譯為德文和法文出版，以此為始，世界各國接連出版譯本，讓新渡戶稻造的名聲，廣為世界所知。
台灣民政長官後藤新平與新渡戶稻造同為岩手出身，互有親交，早先招聘他為總督府技師，雖然被他以「身體不佳」為理由持續拒絕，卻仍花費了2年的時間說服禮聘。最後，新渡戶稻造以「1日1小時午睡時間」的條件，1901年辭去札幌農學校的教授一職，在他39歲的時候，以臺灣總督府技師的身份，來臺赴任。
新渡戶認為，農業要和工商業一同構築堅實的基礎，才能建構理想的國家，帶來繁盛的未來。他想在臺灣的糖業實踐此理念，因此，他來臺灣赴任之後，花了半年的時間視察全島，深信臺灣殖興產業的關鍵就在於製糖產業。他前往巴黎參加萬國博覽會，考察歐美各國與其他殖民地的製糖設備，回程途中繞經埃及和爪哇，實地視察當地製糖產業的經營狀況，習得殖產局長所需的各種知識。
其後，新渡戶稻造整備了製造業的發展後續，1903年兼任京都帝大法科大學的教授而回到日本，但仍擔任臺灣總督府囑託（譯註：任期制官員），持續指導臺灣農業的發展。新渡戶回國後，先後歷任第一高等學校校長、東京帝國大學教授、國際聯盟副事務長、太平洋國際學會理事長，並於1925年獲任命為帝國學士院會員。
1933年10月，新渡戶稻造參加太平洋國際學會第5次大會後，在加拿大溫哥華突然倒下，10月15日晚8時30分於加拿大的維多利亞港口西岸去世，結束了71歲的生涯。新渡戶的出生地盛岡與逝世地維多利亞1985年成為姊妹城市。
他是從1984年到2004年間流通使用的日本銀行券5,000日元的幣面人物，2004年版5000日元紙幣的幣面人物改為樋口一葉。
著作
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相關頁面
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 楊彥騏. 《台灣百年糖紀》. 貓頭鷹出版. 2001年7月: 33頁. ISBN 957-469-503-4.
Nitobe Inazō (新渡戸 稲造, September 1, 1862 – October 15, 1933) was a Japanese agronomist, diplomat, political scientist, politician, and writer. He studied at Sapporo Agricultural College under the influence of its first president William S. Clark and later went to the United States to study agricultural policy. After returning to Japan, he served as a professor at Sapporo Agricultural College, Kyoto Imperial University, and Tokyo Imperial University, and the deputy secretary general of the League of Nations. He also devoted himself to women's education, helping to found the Tsuda Eigaku Juku and serving as the first president of Tokyo Woman's Christian University and president of the Tokyo Women's College of Economics. He was also a strong advocate for Japanese colonialism, and described Korean people as "primitive".
Nitobe Inazō | |
|---|---|
 Nitobe in 1900. | |
| Born | September 1, 1862 |
| Died | October 15, 1933 (aged 71) Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
| Education | Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (PhD) |
| Occupation(s) | Agronomist, diplomat, political scientist, politician, writer |
| Spouses | Mary Patterson Elkinton Nitobe |
| Children | Nitobe Yoshio; Nitobe Kotoko |
In 1884, Nitobe traveled to the United States where he stayed for three years, and studied economics and political science at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. In Baltimore, he became a member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).[1] It was through a Quaker community in Philadelphia that he met Mary Patterson Elkinton, whom he eventually married. Their only child died in infancy, but they adopted Nitobe's nephew, Yoshio, and a female relative Kotoko.[2][3] He also influenced the establishment of the Friends School in Tokyo. At Johns Hopkins, he participated in the Seminary of History and Politics, a group of graduate students and faculty in history, political science and economics. After his departure from Hopkins in 1887, a colleague read a paper written by Nitobe in 1888, "The Japanese in America,", in which he studied the first official missions sent from Japan to the United States, beginning in 1860. He later returned to Hopkins in December 1890, when he presented a paper on "Travel and Study in Germany."[4] Also in 1890, Johns Hopkins presented Nitobe with an honorary bachelor's degree in recognition of his accomplishments despite not earning a PhD from Hopkins.[5]
While at Johns Hopkins, he was granted an assistant professorship at his alma mater, the Sapporo Agricultural College, but was ordered first to obtain a doctorate in agricultural economics in Germany. He completed his degree after three years in Halle University and returned briefly to the United States to marry Mary Elkinton in Philadelphia before he assumed his teaching position in Sapporo in 1891.[6] When he returned to Japan, he had published books in English and in German and had received the first of his five doctorate degrees.
Nitobe and his wife Mary (1932)Advocacy for Japanese colonialism
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Nitobe has been described by the Nitobe College at Hokkaido University as the "academic pillar of support for Japan when it expanded its colonies and its rule/control in Asia".[10]
He was a strong advocate for Japan's colonization of Korea, which he described as a "literally a one-in-a-million chance".[11] He argued that Japan was on a noble civilizing mission in Korea. He described Korea in an October 1906 essay entitled "A Decaying Nation" as feeling like it was technologically 3,000 years behind Japan, and that Koreans were so "bland, unsophisticated and primitive that they belong not to the twentieth or the tenth—nor indeed to the first century. They belong to a prehistoric age".[12][13] He further argued that:[14]
After Japan suppressed the March First Movement protests in colonial Korea, Nitobe defended Japan's actions in Korea. He said that:[15]
Nitobe, however, is perhaps most famous in the west for his work Bushido: The Soul of Japan (1900), which was one of the first major works on samurai ethics and Japanese culture written originally in English for Western readers (The book was subsequently translated into Japanese and many other languages).[
Title page of Bushido: The Soul of Japan (1900)Major critical essays on Nitobe's life and thought were collected in John F. Howes, ed. Nitobe Inazo: Japan's Bridge Across the Pacific (Westview, 1995). Full biography in English is: George M. Oshiro, Internationalist in Pre-War Japan: Nitobe Inazo, 1862–1933 (UBC PhD. Thesis, 1986); and in Japanese by the same author: Nitobe Inazo, Kokusai-shugi no Kaitakusha (Chūō Daigaku Shuppanbu, 1992). The most detailed account of Nitobe's life after his tenure in the League of Nations, available in English, is: Nitobe Inazo, The Twilight Years, by Uchikawa Eiichiro (Kyobunkwan, 1985). Six (6) critical essays on Nitobe's legacy are included in Why Japan Matters!, vol. 2, edited by Joseph F. Kess and Helen Lansdowne (University of Victoria, 2005), pp. 519–573, 655–663.
His portrait was featured on the Series D of ¥5000 banknote, printed from 1984 to 2004.
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