在陰沉的天空下，白雪皚皚的街道上車水馬龍，行人熙熙攘攘。長長的街道兩旁林立著白瓦屋頂的建築。
聖彼得堡，俄羅斯昔日的帝國首都，擁有超過1900座被列為保護文物的歷史住宅建築。
在俄羅斯昔日的首都，修復歷史，擁抱當下
由於政治活動受到限制，聖彼得堡的居民們在「小事政治」中找到了生活的意義和歸屬感，他們致力於修復和清潔這些建築瑰寶。
聖彼得堡，俄羅斯昔日的帝國首都，擁有超過1900座被列為保護文物的歷史住宅建築。
作者：伊凡涅切普連科 攝影：瑪麗格爾曼
俄羅斯聖彼得堡報道
2026年3月8日
紅毯已然消失。磁磚被煙頭和污垢掩埋，彩色玻璃窗破碎不堪。
聖彼得堡宏偉的住宅大樓，這些俄羅斯昔日帝國首都的璀璨明珠，在1917年革命後經歷了漫長的衰敗。共產黨政府將它們分割成集體公寓，任其荒廢。
Gazprom’s 403-metre Okhta tower in St. Petersburg proposal and film
在國美管看到 2010年俄國拍的影片
© 俄羅斯新聞社 (RIA Novosti)。俄羅斯新聞社
對於俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司 (Gazprom) 的摩天大樓來說，規模重要嗎？
發佈於 2010年6月7日 21:29
| Lakhta Center | |
|---|---|
Лахта центр | |
 Lakhta Center in March 2020 | |
 | |
| Record height | |
| Tallest in Russia and Europe since 2017[I] | |
| Preceded by | Federation Tower |
| General information | |
| Status | Complete |
| Location | Lakhta, Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Country | Russia |
| Coordinates | 59°59′13.7″N 30°10′37.3″E |
| Construction started | 2012 |
| Completed | 2019 |
| Cost | US$1.77 billion[1] |
| Owner | Gazprom |
| Height | |
| Architectural | 462 m (1,516 ft) |
| Observatory | 357 m (1,171 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 87 above ground 3 below ground[2] |
| Lifts/elevators | 40[3] |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | RMJM-Tony Kettle (until 2011), GORPROJECT |
| Architecture firm | RMJM (until 2011), GORPROJECT[4] |
| Structural engineer | Gorproject, Inforceproject |
| Main contractor | Rönesans Holding |
| Other information | |
| Parking | 1935 spaces |
| Website | |
| www | |
| References | |
| [2] | |
自2006年以來，俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司在聖彼得堡建造的403公尺高的「奧赫塔」大廈一直令這座城市陷入分裂，如今就連俄羅斯執政聯盟也站在了對立的兩派。
總統德米特里·梅德韋傑夫站在聯合國教科文組織（聯合國教育、科學及文化組織）一邊，呼籲停止建設，因為這可能會損害聖彼得堡市中心在聯合國教科文組織世界遺產名錄中的地位。
但現代主義陣營的建築師則認為，這座玻璃摩天大樓象徵聖彼得堡作為經濟中心的未來，足以與莫斯科停滯不前的商業區「莫斯科城」相提並論。
「奧赫塔中心將成為聖彼得堡的現代化商業區，也是這座城市的新地標，」該塔樓的總建築師菲利普·尼坎德羅夫告訴《莫斯科新聞報》。 “目前，聖彼得堡有28座高達310米的工業建築，但它們沒有任何歷史價值——因此，這座城市需要一座比它們更高的標誌性建築。”
在俄羅斯執政聯盟內部罕見的分歧中，總理弗拉基米爾·普丁一直支持這座塔樓的建設，稱其將有助於在危機期間重振聖彼得堡的經濟。
「由於俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司（Gazprom-Neft）的總部將遷入，每年將為聖彼得堡帶來約200億盧布（約6.31億美元）的稅收，該公司還將直接投資約600億盧布（約19億美元）用於塔樓的建設，」尼坎德羅夫說道。
文化項目
該計畫——被一些人戲稱為「俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司城」——已獲得聖彼得堡市長瓦倫蒂娜·馬特維延科的支持，將包括辦公大樓、酒店、商店、音樂廳、美術館、圖書館、溜冰場和公園。
批評者指出，這座塔樓與周圍沙皇時代的建築風格格格不入，聖彼得堡建築師協會和國際建築師聯盟都對此表示反對。
「該地區允許建築物的最高高度為48米，因此這座塔樓將完全破壞城市的全景，並且會使位於對面堤岸的拉斯特雷利設計的斯莫爾尼修道院相形見絀，」當地建築師協會副主席奧列格·羅曼諾夫說道。
“聖彼得堡擁有其獨特的個性，並因其在沙皇時代高超的建築標準而獲得了歷史價值。我們不會效仿倫敦或紐約。”
反對派抗議
梅德韋傑夫如今已與反對黨保持一致，例如共產黨、弗拉基米爾·日里諾夫斯基的極端民族主義自由民主黨、公正俄羅斯黨和“亞博盧”黨，這些政黨此前已對這座高塔採取了堅決反對立場。
自由派「亞博盧」黨已就市政廳無視城市標準法並拒絕就此問題舉行全民公投一事提起訴訟。
「（政府）往往無視市民和專業人士的意見，而且無視禁止該地區任何建築物高度超過40米的法律，」該市「亞博盧」黨分部負責人馬克西姆·雷茲尼克表示。 “毋庸置疑，這座高塔將破壞城市的古老建築和全景視野。推動這個項目的人只是想通過建築賺錢。”
反對者強烈譴責
奧赫塔大廈的支持者駁斥了反對者的指控，聲稱該項目合法——已於2009年9月舉行了公開聽證會。這座大廈將建在距離市中心5公里的工業區內。
「該計畫將與城市天際線完美融合，不會與任何歷史遺跡相衝突，」尼坎德羅夫說。 “站在瓦西里島市中心的人看來，這座大廈甚至比彼得保羅要塞還要低。”
他還補充說，該計畫的反對者利用此機會進行自我宣傳，他們經常使用不專業或虛假的圖紙和篡改過的照片來製造人們對該項目的誤解。
這對旅遊業有利嗎？
該市的旅遊業也對這座摩天大樓表示支持，並指出倫敦在現代建築改變其歷史景觀後幾乎沒有受到任何負面影響。
俄羅斯旅遊產業聯盟副主席謝爾蓋·科爾涅耶夫在奧赫塔中心網站上評論道：“我沒聽說旅遊業代表對奧赫塔中心的建設表示擔憂。倫敦去年成為世界領先的旅遊目的地，他們對老城區周圍林立著包括諾曼·福斯特設計的著名建築在內的多座現代摩天大樓感到非常高興。”
奧赫塔塔將為遊客提供一個全新的城市景觀視角，目前最高的觀景台位於聖以撒大教堂，高度僅42公尺。
該項目目前正在接受國家審批，預計明年開工。如果專案順利進行，建設和營運將耗時四年。
雖然該計畫有望創造就業機會，但反對者們相信，梅德韋傑夫總統的高調支持將徹底粉碎這座塔樓的計畫。
「我不認為這座巨型建築最終會建成，」亞布洛科藝術中心的雷茲尼克說。 “最近，越來越多的高級官員、部長以及傑出的藝術人士都對該項目提出了批評。”
俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司，歌劇
俄羅斯維權組織「怎麼辦？」（Chto Delat）以歌聲反對俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司（Gazprom）的奧赫塔塔項目，並製作了一部名為《塔：歌劇》（The Tower: A Songspiel）的蘇聯風格音樂電影。演出場景設定在俄羅斯天然氣工業股份公司的會議室。
一邊是負責推廣此計畫的公關經理、一位地方政治人物、公司保全主管、一位牧師、一位即將成為公司當代藝術博物館館長的畫廊老闆，以及一位時尚藝術家。
另一邊則是俄羅斯弱勢的縮影。知識分子、工人、退休人員和無家可歸者等各色人等齊聲吶喊，反對建造這座塔。
© RIA Novosti. RIA NovostiFor Gazprom’s tower, does size matter?
The construction of Gazprom’s 403-metre Okhta tower in St. Petersburg has been dividing the city since 2006, and now even Russia’s ruling partnership is lining up in opposing corners.
President Dmitry Medvedev has weighed in on the side of UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), calling for a halt to construction since it could harm the city centre’s place on UNESCO’s World Heritage list.
But in the modernist’s corner the architect argued that the glass skyscraper was a symbol of St. Petersburg’s future as the economic capital to rival Moscow’s stalled business district, Moskva-City.
“The Okhta Centre will become St. Petersburg’s modern business area and a new symbol of the city”, the tower’s chief architect, Philip Nikandrov, told The Moscow News. “Now there are 28 industrial structures in the city that are up to 310 metres and they do not have any historical value – so the city needs a dominant feature higher than them.”
In a rare sign of differing viewpoints from Russia’s ruling tandem, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has consistently supported the tower, saying it will help revive the city’s economy during the crisis.
“Since the main office of Gazprom-Neft is moving in, it will bring annually around 20 billion roubles ($631 million) in taxes to the city budget and some 60 billion roubles ($1.9 billion) will be invested by the company in the construction directly,” said Nikandrov.
Cultural projects
The project – dubbed by some “Gazprom City” – has received the backing of St. Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko and will include offices, hotels, shops, a concert hall, an art museum, libraries, a skating rink and a park.
Critics say the tower contrasts with the surrounding Tsarist-era buildings and both the St. Petersburg Union of Architects and the International Union of Architects have gone against their peer.
“The maximum permitted height of buildings in the area is 48 metres, so the tower will completely ruin the panoramic view of the city and will dwarf Rastrelli’s Smolny Monastery, which is right on the opposite embankment,” said Oleg Romanov, vice president of the local organisation.
“St. Petersburg has its own character and has gained an historical value because there were high standards of architecture in Tsarist times. We are not going to resemble London or New York.”
Opposition protests
Medvedev has now come in line with opposition parties, such as the Communists, Vladimir Zhirinovsky’s ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party, Just Russia and Yabloko, who had already taken a firm stand against the tower.
The liberal Yabloko have already launched a lawsuit against City Hall for overlooking the law on city standards and their refusal to hold a referendum on the issue.
“[The government] tends to ignore citizens’ and professionals’ opinions and, moreover, ignores the law prohibiting any building in the area to be higher than 40 metres,” said Maxim Reznik, the head of the city’s Yabloko branch. “It goes without saying that the tower will spoil the ancient architecture of the city and the panoramic view. By promoting the project people just want to earn money on construction.”
President Dmitry Medvedev has weighed in on the side of UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), calling for a halt to construction since it could harm the city centre’s place on UNESCO’s World Heritage list.
But in the modernist’s corner the architect argued that the glass skyscraper was a symbol of St. Petersburg’s future as the economic capital to rival Moscow’s stalled business district, Moskva-City.
“The Okhta Centre will become St. Petersburg’s modern business area and a new symbol of the city”, the tower’s chief architect, Philip Nikandrov, told The Moscow News. “Now there are 28 industrial structures in the city that are up to 310 metres and they do not have any historical value – so the city needs a dominant feature higher than them.”
In a rare sign of differing viewpoints from Russia’s ruling tandem, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has consistently supported the tower, saying it will help revive the city’s economy during the crisis.
“Since the main office of Gazprom-Neft is moving in, it will bring annually around 20 billion roubles ($631 million) in taxes to the city budget and some 60 billion roubles ($1.9 billion) will be invested by the company in the construction directly,” said Nikandrov.
Cultural projects
The project – dubbed by some “Gazprom City” – has received the backing of St. Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko and will include offices, hotels, shops, a concert hall, an art museum, libraries, a skating rink and a park.
Critics say the tower contrasts with the surrounding Tsarist-era buildings and both the St. Petersburg Union of Architects and the International Union of Architects have gone against their peer.
“The maximum permitted height of buildings in the area is 48 metres, so the tower will completely ruin the panoramic view of the city and will dwarf Rastrelli’s Smolny Monastery, which is right on the opposite embankment,” said Oleg Romanov, vice president of the local organisation.
“St. Petersburg has its own character and has gained an historical value because there were high standards of architecture in Tsarist times. We are not going to resemble London or New York.”
Opposition protests
Medvedev has now come in line with opposition parties, such as the Communists, Vladimir Zhirinovsky’s ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party, Just Russia and Yabloko, who had already taken a firm stand against the tower.
The liberal Yabloko have already launched a lawsuit against City Hall for overlooking the law on city standards and their refusal to hold a referendum on the issue.
“[The government] tends to ignore citizens’ and professionals’ opinions and, moreover, ignores the law prohibiting any building in the area to be higher than 40 metres,” said Maxim Reznik, the head of the city’s Yabloko branch. “It goes without saying that the tower will spoil the ancient architecture of the city and the panoramic view. By promoting the project people just want to earn money on construction.”
Opponents decried
Okhta’s defenders reject their opponents’ allegations, claiming the project is legitimate – having undergone public hearings in September 2009. The tower is to be built in an industrial area 5 kilometres from the city centre.
“The project will be constructed to fully balance with the city’s skyline and isn’t at odds with any historical place,” said Nikandrov. “For a person standing in the city centre on Vasilievsky Island, the tower will seem lower than the Peter and Paul Fortress.”
He added that opponents of the project use it as an opportunity to promote themselves and often use unprofessional or false plans and doctored photographs to create a misconception of the project.
Plus for tourism?
The city’s tourism industry has also plumped in favour of the skyscraper, pointing out that London has suffered little backlash after modern architecture changed its historical cityscape.
“I have not heard of representatives of the tourist industry being concerned about the construction of the Okhta Centre,” Sergei Korneyev, vice president of the Russian Tourist Industry Union, commented on the Okhta Centre’s web site. “In London – which last year became the world’s leading tourist destination – they are absolutely happy about the fact that there are several modern skyscrapers, including famous buildings by Norman Foster, around the old city.”
The Okhta tower will give tourists a new vantage point to view the city, with the highest viewing platform currently only 42 metres high in St. Isaac’s Cathedral.
The plans are currently undergoing state verification and construction is slated to start next year. If the project goes ahead it will take four years to build and create employment opportunities but its opponents are confident the high-profile support of President Medvedev will deliver a knock-out blow to the tower.
“I do not think the giant will be finally built,” said Reznik, of Yabloko. Recently more and more top officials and ministers, and outstanding art people have criticised the project.”
Gazprom, the opera
Russian activist group Chto Delat (‘What is to be done?’) have sung out against Gazprom’s Okhta tower, producing a Soviet-style musical film called ‘The Tower: A Songspiel’. The performance is set in Gazprom’s boardroom.
On one side there is the PR manager who promotes the project, a local politician, the company’s security chief, a priest, a gallery owner who is set to become the director of the corporation’s contemporary art museum and a fashionable artist.
Pitted against them is a microcosm of Russia’s voiceless minority. The intelligentsia, workers, pensioners and the homeless among others strain their vocal chords to shout down the tower.
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