The Strait of Hormuz (/hɔːrˈmuːz/Persian: تنگهٔ هرمز, romanized: Tange-ye Hormozlistenⓘ, Arabic: مَضيق هُرمُز, romanized: Maḍīq Hurmuz) is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically important choke points.[1] It has been so for centuries, with vast hinterlands rich in luxury trade goods, but no easy access to lucrative trading ports. In his memoirs, Babur, the first padishah of the Mughal Empire, recounted how almonds had to be carried from the distant Ferghana region in Central Asia to Hormuz to reach markets.[2]
During 2023–2025, 20% of the world's liquefied natural gas (LNG) and 25% of seaborne oil trade passed through the strait annually. The strait had never been closed for extended time during Middle East conflicts (unlike the Straits of Tiran/Bab-el-Mandeb)[5] though Iran occasionally had threatened to close the strait,[6][7] and preparations to mine it have been undertaken.[8]
On 28 February 2026, amid the 2026 Iran war and after the assassination of Iran's leader Ali Khamenei, Iran's Revolutionary Guards began issuing VHFTooltip very-high-frequency transmissions stating that ship passages through the Strait of Hormuz were "not allowed".[9]
Persian etymology derives "Hormuz" from the Middle Persian pronunciation of the name of the Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the name derives from the local Persian word Hur-Mogh 'Place of Dates'.[10] A theory claims that the strait of Hormuz may have been named after Ifra Hormizd, the mother of King Shapur II of Persia, who ruled between 309 and 379 AD.[citation needed]Another less likely theory is that it comes from ὅρμοςhormos, the Greek word for 'cove, bay'.[11]
The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a 1st-century mariner's guide:
At the upper end of these[which?] Calaei islands is a range of mountains called Calon, and there follows not far beyond, the mouth of the Persian Gulf, where there is much diving for the pearl-mussel. To the left of the straits are great mountains called Asabon and to the right there rises in full view another round and high mountain called Semiramis; between them the passage across the strait is about six hundred stadia; beyond which that very great and broad sea, the Persian Gulf, reaches far into the interior. At the upper end of this gulf, there is a market-town designated by law called Apologus, situated near Charaex Spasini and the River Euphrates.
— Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 35
In the 10th–17th centuries AD, the Kingdom of Ormus was located here. Scholars, historians and linguists derive the name "Ormuz" from the local Persian word هورمغHur-mogh meaning date palm.[12] The resemblance of this Persian word to the Persian name of the Zoroastrian god هرمزHormoz (a variant of Ahura Mazda) has resulted in the belief[citation needed] that these words are related.
First western military dominance in the strait. Portuguese presence in the Persian Gulf (1507–1750)
From the 15th century onwards, from a strategic point of view, the geography of the strait maintained and expanded its importance with the arrival of foreign powers such as Portugal, which maintained its presence between the 16th and 18th centuries, also provoking disputes with other emerging powers such as England when it arrived in the region in the 17th century.
陳耀南生於太平洋戰爭爆發那年，出世不久便被人領養，到十五六歲才得悉自己的身世。養父母對待陳耀南，視同己出，陳感恩不已。十七歲，陳獲獎學金入讀崇基學院，最初是化學系高材生，後來轉攻中國文學，以優異成績畢業。當時的崇基副校長芮陶菴博士（Dr. Andrew T. Roy）本打算保送陳耀南到哈佛深造，但陳念及養母年老多病，決定侍奉慈親，放棄大好的留學機會。
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