Biomanipulation 生物操縱與湖泊修復 . fishbone cactus or zig zag cactus.freedom of the press. The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI). wind through, landmarks,It’s a weapon, of course, and an artistic device in books, movies and paintings. In Rushdie’s book, it’s a metaphor for understanding. 世界新聞自由指數（WPFI）

 

freedom of the press. The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI). wind through, landmarks,It’s a weapon, of course, and an artistic device in books, movies and paintings. In Rushdie’s book, it’s a metaphor for understanding.
世界新聞自由指數（WPFI）是由無國界記者組織（RSF）自 2002 年以來編制和發布的年度排名，涵蓋 180 個國家，排名依據是該非政府組織的評估以及對世界各地專業人士的調查，評估對像是各國上一年的新聞自由記錄。 [2][3][4] 該指數旨在反映每個國家記者、新聞機構和網民享有的自由程度，以及各國政府為尊重這種自由所做的努力。 [3]

2025 World Press Freedom Index[1]
Good: >85 points
Satisfactory: 70–85 points
Problematic: 55–70 points
Difficult: 40–55 points
Very serious: <40 points
Not classified


The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of 180 countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the assessment of the non-governmental organization as well as surveys of professionals around the world, of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.^[2][3][4] It intends to reflect the degree of freedom that journalists, news organizations, and netizens have in each country, and the efforts made by authorities to respect this freedom.^[3]

Though Rushdie considered calling his new book “A Knife in the Eye,” a reference to the worst of his injuries, he decided on a single-word title, as sharp and staccato as the object itself. “Knife” can mean many things, he writes. It’s a weapon, of course, and an artistic device in books, movies and paintings. In Rushdie’s book, it’s a metaphor for understanding.

 Where Freedom of the Press Is Muffled

By DAVID CARR

China and Britain both underscore how transparency, however painful in the moment, allows democracy, business and the citizenry to thrive in the long run.

《法律的界碑》
北京的出版社2011再版Lord Denning系列書 (除這本之外) 1984年的Landmarks in the Law by Lord Denning, Alfred Thompson Dennin Denning, Bar
Written in Lord Denning's familiar vivid, staccato style, Landmarks in the Law discusses cases and characters whose names will be known to all readers, grouped together under headings such as High Treason, Freedom of the Press, and Murder. Thus, for example, the chapter on High Treason tells the stories of Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Roger Casement, and William Joyce--three very different cases, the first occurring nearly 350 years before the last, but each one raising constitutional issues of the greatest importance.





When was the first Boston Marathon? The Boston Marathon — the world's oldest annual marathon — was first run on Patriot's Day, April 19, 1897. It was originally measured at 24.8 mi/40 km, based on the legendary run of the Greek foot soldier Pheidippides from Marathon to Athens. The distance was changed in 1908 to 26 miles, 385 yards (41.8 km, 352 m), when King Edward VII and his queen asked that the Olympic Marathon begin at Windsor Castle, so the royals could view the start. The Boston Marathon takes place annually, on the third Monday in April. It begins in Hopkinton and winds through eight cities and towns, finishing in Boston's Back Bay. John A. Kelley started a record 61 Boston Marathons and finished 58, winning twice. A statue honoring him stands at the foot of "Heartbreak Hill," one of the landmarks along the route.
Quote:
"If you want to run, run a mile. If you want to experience a different life, run a marathon." — Emil Zátopek


 freedom of the press 出版自由

landmarks

(lănd'märk') 
n.

1. A prominent identifying feature of a landscape.
2. A fixed marker, such as a concrete block, that indicates a boundary line.
3. An event marking an important stage of development or a turning point in history.
4. A building or site with historical significance, especially one marked for preservation by a municipal or national government.

adj.
Having great import or significance: a landmark court ruling.

tr.v., -marked, -mark·ing, -marks.
To accord the status of a landmark to; declare to be a landmark.







Biomanipulation  生物操縱與湖泊修復 . fishbone cactus or zig zag cactus,

人工智慧概述

生物操縱與湖泊修復 - 生物操縱是一種湖泊修復技術，它採用自上而下的生物管理方法——主要透過調整魚類群落——來改善富營養化生態系統的水質。其作用機制是透過減少以浮游生物為食/以底棲生物為食的魚類，從而增加浮游動物的數量，而浮游動物又會捕食藻類，進而提高水體透明度並促進大型水生植物的生長。

ScienceDirect.com

生物操縱的關鍵方面

機制：其核心過程涉及食物網管理，例如移除以浮游動物為食的魚類或添加以其他魚類為食的魚類（食魚性魚類）。

目標生態系：生物操縱在淺水、富營養化湖泊中非常有效，因為在這些湖泊中，藻類過度繁殖會導致水體混濁度升高。

策略：方法包括減少以浮游生物為食/以底棲生物為食的魚類（例如，鯽魚、鱂魚），投放以魚類為食的魚類（例如，梭魚、梭鱸），有時還會同時減少營養負荷。

目標：將湖泊從藻類主導的渾濁狀態轉變為以沈水植物主導的清澈狀態。

永續性：雖然可以迅速改善水質，但長期成功通常需要持續管理魚類族群和營養水平。

ScienceDirect.com

生物操縱的類型

傳統（由上而下）：著重於減少以浮游動物為食的魚類，以增加食草動物（例如，水蚤）的密度。

非傳統方法（自下而上/直接法）：包括引進濾食性魚類（例如鰱魚）直接攝食藻類和藍藻，或控制底棲魚類以減少營養物質的再懸浮。

the-innovation.org

挑戰

效果可能因湖泊大小和食物網結構而異。

氣候變暖可能會降低效果，削弱修復狀態的穩定性。

如果不同時控制營養負荷，這種方法通常被認為是一種臨時解決方案。

ScienceDirect.com

有關生物操縱技術的詳細概述，請參閱ScienceDirect上的概述和維基百科的生物操縱頁面。 ResearchGate上的這篇出版品也對此方法作為一種修復工具進行了詳細的評論。

AI Overview

Biomanipulation is a lake restoration technique that uses top-down biological management—primarily adjusting fish communities—to improve water quality in eutrophic ecosystems. It acts by reducing planktivorous/benthivorous fish to boost zooplankton, which then graze on algae, increasing water clarity and encouraging macrophyte growth. 

Key Aspects of Biomanipulation

• Mechanism: The core process involves food web management, such as removing fish that eat zooplankton or adding fish that eat other fish (piscivores).
• Targeted Ecosystems: It is highly effective in shallow, eutrophic lakes where excessive algae cause high turbidity.
• Strategies: Methods include reducing planktivorous/benthivorous fish (e.g., roach, bream), stocking piscivorous fish (e.g., pike, pike-perch), and sometimes reducing nutrient loading simultaneously.
• Goal: To move the lake from an algal-dominated, turbid state to a submerged macrophyte-dominated, clear-water state.
• Sustainability: While it can cause rapid improvement in water quality, long-term success often requires ongoing management of fish populations and nutrient levels. 

Types of Biomanipulation

• Traditional (Top-down): Focuses on reduction of zooplanktivorous fish to increase grazer (e.g., Daphnia) density.
• Non-traditional (Bottom-up/Direct): Involves introducing filter-feeding fish (e.g., silver carp) to directly consume algae and cyanobacteria, or controlling benthivorous fish to reduce nutrient resuspension. 

Challenges

• Effectiveness can be variable and dependent on the lake's size and food web structure.
• Climate warming may hinder effectiveness, reducing the stability of the restored state.
• It is often considered a temporary fix if nutrient loading is not also managed. 

For a detailed overview of biomanipulation techniques, see this ScienceDirect overview and Wikipedia's page on biomanipulation. A detailed review of the method as a restoration tool is also available in this ResearchGate publication. 

Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Disocactus_anguliger






Disocactus anguliger (syn. Epiphyllum anguliger), commonly known as the fishbone cactus or zig zag cactus, is a cactus species native to Mexico.


張錯

又見魚骨，又見令箭

Fish bone cactus

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49許定銘、Jiayan Mi和其他47人