Donald Trump does not seem content with having removed one Latin American strongman. And the more he says about Cuba, the harder it is to back down: https://econ.st/3ZhVwst
唐納德·川普似乎不滿足於推翻一位拉丁美洲強人。而且，他對古巴的言論越多，就越難收回成命：
「陷入困境」指的是處於非常困難、嚴峻或絕望的境地，通常伴隨著嚴重的經濟困難或極度困境，難以擺脫或解決。它用來形容處於極度困境或面臨重大困難的狀態，例如一家苦苦掙扎的公司或一個面臨貧困的人。
困境：極度嚴重或緊急；可怕的。
困境：困難或危險的處境（例如狹窄、湍急的水域）。
例句：
“這家公司陷入困境，可能不得不倒閉。”
“許多家庭由於失業而陷入了嚴重的經濟困境。”
“自然災害過後，社區發現自己陷入了困境。”
陷入困境 - 朗文字典
摘自《朗文當代英語字典》：陷入困境；陷入困境；處於極為困難或嚴重的處境…
朗文字典
困境 - 定義、含義和同義詞 - Vocabulary.com
名詞極度困境。同義詞：絕境。困境。糟糕或艱難的處境或狀態…
Vocabulary.com
困境的定義和意義 - Dictionary.com
複數名詞。非常困難的處境。由於通貨膨脹如此之高，我最近與許多處於困境的人交談過…
"In dire straits" means being in a very difficult, serious, or desperate situation, often with severe financial hardship or extreme distress, making it hard to escape or fix. It describes being in a state of acute trouble or facing significant hardship, like a struggling company or someone facing poverty.
WWWWW
（路透社）—秘魯裔作家、曾競選總統的馬裡奧·巴爾加斯·略薩，這位拉丁美洲反抗權威鬥爭的記錄者，於週四榮獲2010年諾貝爾文學獎。
諾貝爾獎委員會在聲明中表示，巴爾加斯·略薩獲獎是「因為他對權力結構的描繪，以及他對個人抵抗、反抗和失敗的深刻刻畫」。
巴爾加斯·略薩擁有西班牙和秘魯雙重國籍，他以1966年出版的小說《英雄時代》在國際上嶄露頭角。他是自1990年墨西哥作家奧克塔維奧·帕斯獲獎以來，第一位獲得諾貝爾文學獎的拉丁美洲作家。
他的作品取材自他在1940年代末和50年代在秘魯的生活經歷。巴爾加斯·略薩曾於1990年競選秘魯總統，但敗給了阿爾韋托·藤森。藤森最終被迫流亡，因多項罪名被判刑。
根據秘魯報紙《商報》（El Comercio）網站報道，巴爾加斯·略薩對獲獎消息感到十分驚訝。 「這真是個巨大的驚喜。起初我還以為是個玩笑。」該網站引述他的話說。
諾貝爾獎委員會常務秘書彼得·英格倫德表示，他已致電身在美國的巴爾加斯·略薩。
“他當時正在普林斯頓大學任教兩個月，所以我很不好意思這麼早就給他打電話。但他從早上五點就開始準備普林斯頓的演講稿。他欣喜若狂，激動不已。”
英格倫德對這位將獲得1000萬瑞典克朗（約150萬美元）獎金的作家讚不絕口。
“他有很多敘事方面的傑作，因為他本質上就是一個敘述者，一個講故事的人。我的天哪，他真是個講故事的高手！”
震撼人心
英格倫德稱巴爾加斯·略薩是西班牙語世界最偉大的作家之一。 “他是六七十年代拉丁美洲文學繁榮的幕後推手之一，並且一直筆耕不輟學，不斷拓展創作領域。”
巴爾加斯·略薩也身處文壇最著名的恩怨之一的中心。
1976年，巴爾加斯·略薩在公共場合毆打了他的朋友兼作家加西亞·馬奎斯。
兩人從此斷絕往來，幾十年來，這場衝突的起因一直是個謎。一位攝影師拍下了加西亞·馬奎斯——以及他眼部的淤青——並在2007年撰文提及此事，暗示這與巴爾加斯·略薩的妻子有關。
多年來，巴爾加斯·略薩一直被視為諾貝爾文學獎的熱門人選。
據英國博彩公司立博（Ladbrokes）稱，今年他以25比1的賠率墊底，落後於美國小說家、熱門人選科馬克·麥卡錫（Cormac McCarthy）和肯尼亞作家恩古吉·瓦·提昂戈（Ngugi wa Thiong'o）。
「我們終於鬆了一口氣。評審們又一次讓賭客們大跌眼鏡，從眾多競爭者中脫穎而出，選中了一位相對不知名的選手。」立博發言人大衛·威廉姆斯（David Williams）說道。
“今年的比賽投注額創下了歷史新高。我們將送一箱香檳給獲勝者，因為他幫我們避免了一大筆賠付。”
這位作家的作品充滿了權威人物。
在《山羊的盛宴》（The Feast of the Goat）中，一位49歲的女性回到多明尼加共和國，童年時期國家被殘暴的獨裁者拉斐爾·特魯希略（Rafael Trujillo）統治的記憶縈繞不去。
故事講述了她努力克服過往創傷的經歷：
「你回來是對的嗎？你會後悔的，烏拉尼亞……回到你發誓永不再踏足的島嶼……」他寫道。
「為了向自己證明，你可以漫步在這座不再屬於你的城市的街道上，遊歷這片異國他鄉，而不被悲傷、懷舊、仇恨、苦澀和憤怒所觸動。”
這是今年頒發的第四個諾貝爾獎，此前分別於週一、週二和週三頒發了醫學獎、物理學獎和化學獎。
ZUMApress.com
小說家馬里奧•巴爾加斯•略薩9月在墨西哥國立自治大學演講。
西
班牙語世界最受讚譽的作家之一、秘魯前總統候選人、秘魯出生的小說家馬里奧•巴爾加斯•略薩(Mario Vargas Llosa)獲得2010年諾貝爾文學獎。
略薩的作品涉及各種文體﹐包括小說、散文和文學評論﹐他的代表作包括《城市與狗》(The Time of the Hero)和《綠房子》(The Green House)等﹐前者被一些人視作開創性作品。他是首位獲得諾貝爾文學獎的秘魯作家﹐也是1982年馬爾克斯(Gabriel Garcia Marquez)獲獎後第一個獲此殊榮的南美人。
現年74歲的略薩在紐約接受秘魯廣播電台RPP電話採訪時說﹐多年來我一直認為自己不可能獲得諾貝爾提名﹐這實在是個驚喜。
略薩於1936年出生於秘魯南部的阿雷基帕﹐1990年參選秘魯總統﹐但最終輸給了秘魯前總統、現入獄服刑的籐森(Alberto Fujimori)。秘魯現任總統加西亞(Alan Garcia)在廣播採訪中說﹐諾貝爾文學獎頒給略薩是一項令人驚嘆的舉動﹐一個極為公正的舉動﹐他是一位非凡的語言創造者﹐是秘魯人的代表。
瑞典皇家科學院(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)週四在斯德哥爾摩宣佈略薩獲得諾貝爾文學獎﹐獎金1000萬瑞郎(合150萬美元)﹐並讚揚他“對權力結構的描述細緻入微以及對個人抵制、反抗和失敗等形象的刻畫生動鮮明”。
諾貝爾獎官網貼出了瑞典皇家科學院常任秘書恩格隆德(Peter Englund)在採訪中的談話﹐他說﹐略薩在描寫對話時駕輕就熟﹐總能展現出大場景。恩格隆德還指出﹐略薩仍在繼續創作大量優秀的小說作品。
略薩早年曾支持社會主義事業﹐但後來古巴革命的爆發使他不再對社會主義抱有迷戀﹐轉而支持保守的經濟和社會政策。
略薩對全世界的獨裁統治始終持堅定的批判態度﹐他是報紙的專欄作家﹐他的專欄文章被各地的西班牙文報紙廣泛刊登。他上月辭去一委員會負責人職務﹐該委員會奉命修建一座博物館以紀念秘魯在國內反恐鬥爭中的死難者﹐辭職原因是他不同意將赦免內戰時期部分犯罪嫌疑人的政府立法。
Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg / Robert KozakSelected works
[edit]Fiction
- 1959 – Los jefes (The Cubs and Other Stories, 1979)
- 1963 – La ciudad y los perros (The Time of the Hero, 1966)
- 1966 – La casa verde (The Green House, 1968)
- 1969 – Conversación en la catedral (Conversation in the Cathedral, 1975)
- 1973 – Pantaleón y las visitadoras (Captain Pantoja and the Special Service, 1978)
- 1977 – La tía Julia y el escribidor (Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, 1982)
- 1981 – La guerra del fin del mundo (The War of the End of the World, 1984)
- 1984 – Historia de Mayta (The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta, 1985)
- 1986 – ¿Quién mató a Palomino Molero? (Who Killed Palomino Molero?, 1987)
- 1987 – El hablador (The Storyteller, 1989)
- 1988 – Elogio de la madrastra (In Praise of the Stepmother, 1990)
- 1993 – Lituma en los Andes (Death in the Andes, 1996)
- 1997 – Los cuadernos de don Rigoberto (Notebooks of Don Rigoberto, 1998)
- 2000 – La fiesta del chivo (The Feast of the Goat, 2002)
- 2003 – El paraíso en la otra esquina (The Way to Paradise, 2003)
- 2006 – Travesuras de la niña mala (The Bad Girl, 2007)
- 2010 – El sueño del celta
[edit]Non-fiction
- 1971 – García Márquez: historia de un deicidio (García Márquez: Story of a Deicide)
- 1975 – La orgía perpetua: Flaubert y "Madame Bovary" (The Perpetual Orgy)
- 1990 – La verdad de las mentiras: ensayos sobre la novela moderna (A Writer's Reality)
- 1993 – El pez en el agua. Memorias (A Fish in the Water)
- 1996 – La utopía arcaica: José María Arguedas y las ficciones del indigenismo
- 1997 – Cartas a un joven novelista (Letters to a Young Novelist)
- 2001 – El lenguaje de la pasión (The Language of Passion)
- 2004 – La tentación de lo imposible (The Temptation of the Impossible)
- 2007 – El Pregón de Sevilla (as Introduction for LOS TOROS)
- 2009 – El Viaje a la Ficcion
[edit]Drama
- 1952 – La huida del inca
- 1981 – La señorita de Tacna
- 1983 - "Kathie y el hipopótamo"
略薩著有30多部小說、戲劇和散文，他第一部被翻譯成中文的作品是其成名作《城市與狗》。他的主要代表作品還有《世界末日之戰》、《誰是殺人犯》、《敘事人》、《謊言中的真實》、《天堂的另外那個街角》等。
7 October 2010 Last updated at 12:15 GMT
Vargas Llosa is the first South American winner of the 10 million kronor prize since 1982
(Reuters) - Peruvian-born writer and one-time presidential candidate Mario Vargas Llosa, a chronicler of the struggle against authority in Latin America, won the 2010 Nobel prize for literature on Thursday.
The awarding committee said in a statement Vargas Llosa received the award "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat."
Vargas Llosa, who has both Spanish and Peruvian citizenship, made his international breakthrough with the novel "The Time of the Hero" in 1966. He is the first Latin American winner for literature since Mexico's Octavio Paz won in 1990.
His works build on his experiences of life in Peru in the late 1940s and the 1950s. Vargas Llosa ran for president of Peru in 1990 but lost to Alberto Fujimori, who ultimately had to flee the country and was subsequently convicted of various crimes.
Vargas Llosa was quoted on the website of Peruvian newspaper El Comercio as being taken aback by the news. "It was a big surprise. At first I thought it was a joke," the site quoted him as saying.
Peter Englund, permanent secretary of the Nobel committee, said he had telephoned Vargas Llosa, who was in the United States.
"He's actually having a two-month stint there in Princeton teaching, so I was sort of embarrassed for phoning him so early. But he had been up since 5 o'clock preparing a lecture for Princeton. He was elated. He was very, very moved."
Englund bubbled over in his praise of the writer, who will receive 10 million Swedish crowns ($1.50 million).
"He has a number of masterpieces in narration because essentially he's a narrator, he's a storyteller. My goodness, what a storyteller!"
PACKING A PUNCH
Englund characterized Vargas Llosa as one of the great authors in the Spanish-speaking world. "He is one of the persons behind the Latin-American literary boom of the '60s and '70s, and he has continued to work and expand."
Vargas Llosa is also at the center of one of the literary world's most famous feuds.
In 1976, Vargas Llosa punched his friend and fellow writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez in public.
The two ceased speaking to each other and for decades the reason behind the fight has been a mystery. A photographer who captured Garcia Marquez -- and his black eye -- wrote about the incident in 2007 and suggested it concerned Vargas Llosa's wife.
Vargas Llosa has been tipped for years to win the prize.
This year he was a 25-1 outsider, behind American novelist and favorite Cormac McCarthy and Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o, according to British betting firm Ladbrokes.
"We're breathing an enormous sigh of relief. Yet again, the judges have confounded the punters and plucked a relative unknown contender out of the mix," Ladbrokes spokesman said David Williams said.
"We saw more money bet on the contest this year than in its entire history. We'll send a crate of champagne to the winner because he's helped us dodge a massive payout."
The author's works are strewn with figures of authority.
In "The Feast of the Goat," a 49-year-old woman returns to the Dominican Republic, haunted by memories of her childhood when the nation was led by brutal dictator Rafael Trujillo.
The story tells of her efforts to overcome a traumatic past:
"Were you right to come back? You'll be sorry, Urania... returning to the island you swore you'd never set foot on again...," he writes.
"To prove to yourself you can walk along the streets of this city that is no longer yours, travel through this foreign country and not have it provoke sadness, nostalgia, hatred, bitterness, rage in you."
This was the fourth of this year's Nobel prizes, following awards for medicine on Monday, physics on Tuesday and chemistry on Wednesday.
Mario Vargas Llosa wins Nobel Literature Prize
Vargas Llosa is the first South American winner of the 10 million kronor prize since 1982Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa, one of the most acclaimed writers in the Spanish-speaking world, has been awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in literature.
The Swedish Academy hailed "his cartography of structures of power" and "trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat."
The 74-year-old has written more than 30 novels, plays and essays.
He is the first South American winner of the prize since 1982 when it went to Colombian Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
In the previous six years, the academy awarded the 10 million kronor (£938,000) prize to five Europeans and one Turk, sparking criticism that it was too Euro-centric.
The Swedish Academy's Peter Englund said Vargas Llosa was "a divinely gifted story-teller," whose writing touched the reader.
Englund added that the writer was in New York - where he is currently teaching at Princeton University - and was told by telephone that he had won the prize.
"He was very, very happy and very moved," Englund said.
The writer's international breakthrough came with the 1960s novel The Time of The Hero which built on his experiences at the Peruvian military academy, Leoncio Prado.
The book was considered controversial in his homeland and 1,000 copies were burnt publicly by officers from the academy.
Born in the town of Arequipa, Vargas Llosa took Spanish nationality in 1993 - three years after an unsuccessful bid for the Peruvian presidency.
In 1995, he was awarded the Cervantes Prize, the Spanish-speaking world's most distinguished literary honour.
His best-known works include Conversation In The Cathedral, The War of the End of the World and The Feast of the Goat.
(Reuters) - Peruvian-born writer and one-time presidential candidate Mario Vargas Llosa, a chronicler of the struggle against authority in Latin America, won the 2010 Nobel prize for literature on Thursday.
The awarding committee said in a statement Vargas Llosa received the award "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat."
Vargas Llosa, who has both Spanish and Peruvian citizenship, made his international breakthrough with the novel "The Time of the Hero" in 1966. He is the first Latin American winner for literature since Mexico's Octavio Paz won in 1990.
His works build on his experiences of life in Peru in the late 1940s and the 1950s. Vargas Llosa ran for president of Peru in 1990 but lost to Alberto Fujimori, who ultimately had to flee the country and was subsequently convicted of various crimes.
Vargas Llosa was quoted on the website of Peruvian newspaper El Comercio as being taken aback by the news. "It was a big surprise. At first I thought it was a joke," the site quoted him as saying.
Peter Englund, permanent secretary of the Nobel committee, said he had telephoned Vargas Llosa, who was in the United States.
"He's actually having a two-month stint there in Princeton teaching, so I was sort of embarrassed for phoning him so early. But he had been up since 5 o'clock preparing a lecture for Princeton. He was elated. He was very, very moved."
Englund bubbled over in his praise of the writer, who will receive 10 million Swedish crowns ($1.50 million).
"He has a number of masterpieces in narration because essentially he's a narrator, he's a storyteller. My goodness, what a storyteller!"
PACKING A PUNCH
Englund characterized Vargas Llosa as one of the great authors in the Spanish-speaking world. "He is one of the persons behind the Latin-American literary boom of the '60s and '70s, and he has continued to work and expand."
Vargas Llosa is also at the center of one of the literary world's most famous feuds.
In 1976, Vargas Llosa punched his friend and fellow writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez in public.
The two ceased speaking to each other and for decades the reason behind the fight has been a mystery. A photographer who captured Garcia Marquez -- and his black eye -- wrote about the incident in 2007 and suggested it concerned Vargas Llosa's wife.
Vargas Llosa has been tipped for years to win the prize.
This year he was a 25-1 outsider, behind American novelist and favorite Cormac McCarthy and Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o, according to British betting firm Ladbrokes.
"We're breathing an enormous sigh of relief. Yet again, the judges have confounded the punters and plucked a relative unknown contender out of the mix," Ladbrokes spokesman said David Williams said.
"We saw more money bet on the contest this year than in its entire history. We'll send a crate of champagne to the winner because he's helped us dodge a massive payout."
The author's works are strewn with figures of authority.
In "The Feast of the Goat," a 49-year-old woman returns to the Dominican Republic, haunted by memories of her childhood when the nation was led by brutal dictator Rafael Trujillo.
The story tells of her efforts to overcome a traumatic past:
"Were you right to come back? You'll be sorry, Urania... returning to the island you swore you'd never set foot on again...," he writes.
"To prove to yourself you can walk along the streets of this city that is no longer yours, travel through this foreign country and not have it provoke sadness, nostalgia, hatred, bitterness, rage in you."
This was the fourth of this year's Nobel prizes, following awards for medicine on Monday, physics on Tuesday and chemistry on Wednesday.
諾貝爾文學獎今（7）日公佈，由祕魯重量級作家略薩（Mario Vargas Llosa）奪得。 原本各界揣測，這次文學獎得主會讓人「耳目一新」，可能由非洲作家奪得，包括肯亞詹姆士恩古吉（Ngugi wa Thiong'o）及索馬利亞法拉（NuruddinFarah）都是熱門人選，不過最終獲獎名單揭曉，由現年74歲的南美祕魯作家略薩拿下殊榮。 略薩是秘魯重量級小說家，至今已發表超過30本著作。1962年以《城市與狗》（La ciudad y los perros）轟動文壇，該書因為大膽揭露社會現實，一度被祕魯當局查禁。之後略薩陸續發表的《青樓》（La casa verde）、《酒吧長談》（La Catedral y Carta de batalla por Tirant lo Blanc）等著作，都獲得文學界一致好評。 略薩的小說，向來以華麗的敘事手法、深入社會情感的探索著稱，有評論家讚許他為「結構現實主義大師」，也有人推崇略薩大膽揭露拉丁美洲現實、一針見血的筆鋒。
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＊尤薩的轉型正義
諾貝爾文學獎在頒給秘魯小說家尤薩（Mario Vargas Llosa）時，讚揚他「對權力結構的描繪，以及詮釋個人抗爭、反叛與挫折的鮮明意象」。他不僅用文字反映紛雜的拉美政局，真實人生更積極投身政治。除了曾參選總統，在政治傾向上歷經轉折外，他在秘魯的轉型正義幾個關鍵時刻，也扮演關鍵角色，並引發諸多議論。
尤薩在2009年初，帶頭與幾位知識分子在報上刊登聲明，抨擊秘魯政府不願接受外援，興建「記憶博物館」，並強調保存歷史紀錄對受害者與秘魯社會的重要性。在秘魯政府與游擊隊「光輝道路」（Shining Path）長達二十年的內戰中，超過七萬人喪生。有人倡議應該興建博物館來紀念受害者，德國也表示願意捐贈兩百萬美元支持。但包括總統賈西亞在內的政府官員認為這並非秘魯社會當下所需。
外界質疑這是二度當選總統的賈西亞（Alan García），擔心自己得為當年任內的軍方罪行負起歷史責任，而選擇抵制此計畫。聲明見報幾天後，總統與尤薩親自會面，政府態度丕變，宣布將接受捐款設立記憶博物館，並由尤薩領導籌備委員會。
儘管博物館尚未落成，尤薩卻突然在今年九月辭去委員會主席一職。導火線是一部特赦法草案。秘魯雖已由文人統治十多年，但軍方依然動見觀瞻。軍方對於近年來，許多前軍警人員面對司法追究過去罪行感到不滿。他們或盡力掩蓋資訊，或設法推動特赦。
九月初，總統府向國會送出草案，要求限制追訴人權侵害案件的時效，引發各界強烈抨擊。尤薩發表公開信，將這份國防部長介入甚深的草案斥為「變相的特赦法」，並憤而辭去籌委會主席一職。此信發表幾個小時後，總統府緊急宣布，他們將向國會撤回此案。尤薩得到外界的讚譽。
不過，對於在1983年安地斯山脈烏丘亞凱（Uchuraccay）地區八名遇害記者的家屬，或智利皮諾契政權的受害者來說，對尤薩可能有不同的評價。1983年內戰方酣，這些記者從首都出發，欲報導山區頻傳的人權侵害案件，但連同嚮導在內反遭殺害。尤薩受官方委託，領導調查委員會還原真相。結果認定兇手是當地村民，因誤認記者的相機是武器，在風聲鶴唳的內戰氣氛中，為求自衛而釀成悲劇。
但這份報告被許多專家批評為草率且膚淺，例如調查委員會飛抵當地後停留不到三小時，訪查有限，其中只有一名語言學家會講當地方言。而且行文中難掩對偏遠住民的刻板印象與偏見。雖然後來已有三位村民坦承犯案且被判刑，但在2009年的追悼會上，受害者家屬與「秘魯全國記者協會」仍要求重啟此案。他們認為當年調查過於草率，且後來出土的新證據與調查報告明顯矛盾，他們可能會將本案告上「美洲人權法院」(Inter-American Human Rights Court)。
尤薩另一個引發爭議的行為，是在今年初的智利總統選舉中，公開支持右派的皮涅拉。皮涅拉雖極力與皮諾契劃清界限，但他的支持者多為右翼，競選幹部中有獨裁者舊屬也是不爭的事實。為了爭取保守派的支持，他還曾反對繼續追究軍政府侵害人權的責任。
今年一月初，尤薩應智利政府之邀，出席「記憶與人權博物館」（Museum of Memory and Human Rights）的開幕典禮，這個博物館是為了紀念軍政府的受害者而成立。博物館推手巴切萊總統即曾是皮諾契政權的受害者。尤薩在此行表達了他對皮涅拉的支持，兩人也安排會面。尤薩認為：「智利需要換人做做看」。畢竟中左聯盟已在智利民主化後連續執政二十年之久。對獨裁政權的受害者來說，這樣的言論當然刺耳。他在典禮上的致詞招來台下噓聲，在兩國也都引發了保守反動與干預他國政治的批評。
相較於他的文學成就普獲世人肯定，尤薩在公共事務上的表現，顯然引發的是更複雜的討論與評價。
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