The Spanish Renaissance was a movement in Spain, emerging from the Italian Renaissance in Italy during the 14th century, that spread to Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries.[1]
The beginning of the Renaissance in Spain is closely linked to the historical-political life of the monarchy of the Catholic Monarchs. Its figures are the first to leave the medieval approaches that secured a feudal scheme of weak monarch over a powerful and restless nobility. The Catholic Monarchs unite the forces of the incipient state and ally with the principal families of the nobility to maintain their power. One of these families, the Mendoza, use the new style like distinction of its clan and, by extension, of the protection of the monarchy.
Little by little, the novel esthetic was introduced into the rest of the court and the clergy, mixing with purely Iberian styles, like the Nasrid art of the dying kingdom of Granada, the exalted and personal Gothic Castilian queen, and the Flemish tendencies in the official painting of the court and the Church. The assimilation of elements gave way to a personal interpretation of the orthodox Renaissance, which came to be called Plateresque. Therefore, secondary artists were brought in from Italy, apprentices were sent to the Italian shops, they brought designs, architectural plans, books and engravings, paintings, etc., of which portraits, themes and composition were copied.
King Charles V was more predisposed to the new art, paradoxically called the old way, remitted to the Classical antiquity. His direct patronage achieved some of the most beautiful works of the special and unique Spanish Renaissance style: the patronage of Almazan de Covarrubias, his commissions for Titian, who never agreed to relocate to Spain. Painters of great quality were, far from the courtier nucleus, Pedro Berruguete, Juan de Juanes, Paolo da San Leocadio, of whom the delicate Virgin of the Caballero de Montesa is highlighted, Yáñez de la Almazan and Gerardo de los Llanos.
The painting of the Spanish Renaissance is normally completed in oil. It realizes interiors perfectly subject to the laws of perspective, without over-emphasis of the people. The figures are all of the same size and anatomically correct.
The colors and the shading are applied in tonal ranges, according to the Italian teachings. To accentuate the Italian style, in addition, it is common to add elements directly copied from it, like the adornments a candelieri (borders of vegetables and cupids that surround the frames), or Roman ruins in the countrysides, including in scenes of the life of Christ.
the English Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that occurred roughly from the late 15th to the early 17th centuries, influenced by the pan-European Renaissance. It was a period of significant cultural revival, marked by advancements in literature, music, architecture, and exploration, and reached its peak during the Elizabethan era. Key aspects include a shift in focus toward humanism, the development of the modern English language, and the emergence of iconic writers like Shakespeare.
Key features and developments
Time period: While the Renaissance began earlier in Italy, it arrived later in England. Most scholars place its start around the late 15th or early 16th century, with its zenith during the Elizabethan era (1558–1603).
Cultural flourishing: This era saw a boom in the arts, including poetry, drama, and music. It also saw the development of major architectural styles and the beginnings of scientific inquiry.
Humanism: A key theme was the focus on humanism, a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the potential and agency of human beings, preferring critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma.
Literature and language: The period is most famous for its literary output. It was a time when the English language began to take on its modern form, stabilized by the printing press, which allowed for wider literacy and the dissemination of ideas.
Exploration and expansion: This period also saw significant voyages of discovery and the establishment of the first English colonies in the New World.
Political and religious context: The English Renaissance unfolded against a backdrop of intense political and religious conflict, including the English Reformation, which separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.
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