大江健三郎談˙義⼤利帕韋澤（Cesare Pavese，1908—1950.Italian novelist, poet, short story writer, translator, literary critic, and essayist. ）

 

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<對新開始寫⼩說的⼈說（之⼆）> （摘自《定義集》） 大江健三郎 著/許金龍 譯

我從長篇⼩說《流刑地》開始閱讀美麗的⼤部頭《帕韋澤⽂學集成》（巖？波書店版），義⼤利北⽅出身的主⼈公被流放到該國南端的海邊村莊，⾸先便對當地植物梨果仙⼈掌留下了印象，讀到這段描述時，我失聲說了出來：“啊！我讀過，是在那霸的賓館裡。”

確認之下，舊版刊於⼀九六九年，我曾在封⽪背⾯為沖繩特⾊的植被畫了素描。當時我考慮要寫⼀部⼩說，卻像是被相關問題驅使⼀般寫了《沖繩札記》，包括那場官司在內，至今已經過去了四⼗年。於是，我想起了譯者截至“集成”時的歲⽉。帕韋澤（Cesare Pavese，1908—1950）處女長篇⼩說的主⼈公是年輕的知識分⼦，因庇護似與地下組織有聯繫的女友，被墨索⾥尼政權中試圖將反法西斯運動斬草除根的警察逮捕拘留並處以流刑。這個故事基於帕韋澤本⼈的經歷：

「時⽽關閉時⽽打開的入口、正在整理的衣物、⼩⼩的書桌和鋼筆——享受⾃由之身的⼀切——再度擁有了那些物品的喜悅，如若恢復期⼀般長久、亦若恢復期⼀般靜寂地在他的體內延續著。斯泰法諾很快就感覺到那⼀切都很脆弱。所有的發現都將被歸入習慣之中吧。雖然如此，他還是決定儘量在戶外⽣活，這是為了將⾃身的痛苦感覺從初更留存至深夜。」

⼀九〇八年出⽣，受到法西斯主義的壓制、⼆次⼤戰、針對德軍的抵抗、內戰以及⾛向解放，他⽣活在同時代的驚濤駭浪之中，最終得以寫出並出版了所有這些⼩說。在藉助最優秀的譯⽂閱讀此⼈的⼩說時，我之所以特別講述這部初期作品，是因為包括從獲釋後寫作的短篇開始的（那部《流刑地》也被收入《集成》）那些⼩說，具有供初寫⼩說的⼈參考的豐富啟⽰。

梨果仙⼈掌也出現在了短篇⼩說裡，這是出於年輕的優秀作家的觀察本能，使得其中顯現出來的因素發展為⼈物的看法、表現以及如何極為仔細地創造⽂體，由此作為長篇⼩說發展下去，我希望你們能夠學習這種思考過程。

⽇本這個國家的⽂學界的新⼈越來越年輕化，相對於此，帕韋澤雖說也年輕，卻被同時代的知識分⼦夥伴所磨練，⾃身又具有獨特眼⼒，翻譯了以麥爾維爾的《⽩鯨》、喬伊斯的《青年藝術家畫像》為⾸的英美⽂學。此外，他還創作並留存了似乎最為他看重的詩歌。

顯然，他的⽂學基礎等級很⾼。與早年的我一樣過早在⽂壇亮相的新⼈們，當你們計劃重新選定獨⼒從事的終⽣⼯作之際，作為⾼級教科書的這部《集成》將會發揮作⽤吧。

河島英昭氏獨⾃全譯了《集成》，他成熟的譯⽂，最近已經難得⼀見了，它肯定能讓你們從這譯本中扎實地學習到⽂體。花費時⽇重覆塗抹式地描繪帕韋澤其⼈其時代的那篇解說（比如，女友背叛正在流放地服刑的他⽽另⾏結婚，⽽且存在於其背後的政治因素甚至影響到帕韋澤去世後其⽇記的公開出版，還有其中原委等等），告訴我們並將成為⼩說寫作者和⽂學研究者這雙⽅的“⽣活這種⼯作”（此為帕韋澤⽇記的題名）。

太宰治百年誕辰之際，也有⼈向我提出了“如何看待作家的⾃殺︖”這個問題。我回答說：太宰治和帕韋澤這兩位作家超越戰後困難從事重⼤⼯作並獲得了聲譽，相較於前者於⼀九四八年、後者於⼀九五O年的⾃殺，不妨去閱讀就連出⽣時間都相近的這兩位作家的作品，如何︖

這兩位作家都不會對⾃殺這種多愁善感的情感有共鳴，針對那個時代和作家⾃身的情況，帕韋澤著⼒創作了強有⼒的作品。他在去世之前半年的⽇記裡寫道：

「你結束了你所處時代的歷史性圓環。《流刑》（流刑者的反法西斯）《青春的紐帶》（地下運動的反法西斯）《山丘中的家》（抵抗）《⽉亮與篝⽕》（抵抗之後）。」

那些表述捕捉到社會的側⾯，完成了⼀系列作品，兩⼈各⾃呈現了義⼤利的青年和壯年的庶民和知識分⼦形象……也就是說，作為這個時代和這個社會的作家，做了應該做的全部⼯作。

這裡列舉的長篇⼩說我全都在《集成》裡讀過，我認為他對⾃⼰的判分確實是正確的。可是即便那樣，為什麼如此⾃覺且全⾯的作家和知識分⼦卻⾃殺了呢？

我對此沒有解答，希望年輕作家極為留神地將其作為前輩作家留下的作業，繼續閱讀他的作品。

（⼆〇〇九年七⽉）

Themes in Pavese's works

The typical protagonist in the works of Pavese is a loner, through choice or circumstances. Their relationships with men and women tend to be temporary and superficial. They may wish to have more solidarity with other people, but they often end up betraying their ideals and friends; for example, in The Prison, the political exile in a village in Southern Italy receives a note from another political confinato living nearby, who suggests a meeting. The protagonist rejects a show of solidarity and refuses to meet him. This short novel appeared in a collection entitled Before the Cock Crows referencing Peter's betrayal of Christ before his death.

The Langhe, the area where he spent his summer holidays as a boy, had a great hold on Pavese. It is a land of rolling hills covered in vineyards. It is an area where he felt at home, but he recognised the harsh and brutal lives that poor peasants had, making a living from the land. Bitter struggles took place between Germans and partisans in this area. The land became part of Pavese's personal mythology.

In The Moon and the Bonfires, the protagonist tells a story of drinking beer in a bar in America. A man comes in whom he recognizes as being from the valleys of Le Langhe by his way of walking and his outlook. He speaks to him in dialect, suggesting a bottle of their local wine would be better than the beer. After some years in America, the protagonist returns to his home village. He explores Le Langhe with a friend who had remained in the area. He finds out that so many of his contemporaries have died in sad circumstances, some as partisans shot by the Germans, while a notable local beauty had been executed by partisans as a fascist spy.

Books

• Lavorare stanca (Hard Labor), poems 1936; expanded edition 1943.

See also: McGlazer, Ramsey (May 2017). "The Decay of Sighing: Cesare Pavese's Lavorare stanca". differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 28 (1). Duke University Press: 94–123. doi:10.1215/10407391-3821712.

• Paesi Tuoi (Your Villages), novel 1941.
• La Spiaggia (The Beach), novel 1941.
• Feria d'agosto (August Holiday) 1946.
• Il Compagno (The Comrade), novel 1947.
• Dialoghi con Leucò (The Leucothea Dialogues), philosophical dialogues between classical Greek characters, 1947.
• Il diavolo sulle colline (The Devil in the Hills), novel 1948.
• Prima che il gallo canti (Before the Cock Crows), two novels. La casa in collina (The House on the Hill) and Il carcere (The Prison), 1948.
• La bella estate (The Beautiful Summer), three novellas including Tra donne sole (Women on Their Own), 1949.
• La luna e i falò (The Moon and the Bonfires), novel 1950.
• Verrà la morte e avrà i tuoi occhi (Death Will Come and Have your Eyes), poems, 1951.
• Il mestiere di vivere: Diario 1935–1950, The Business of Living: Diaries 1935–1950 (published in English as The Burning Brand), 1952
• Saggi Letterari, literary essays.
• Racconti, – two volumes of short stories.
• Lettere 1926–1950, – two volumes of letters.
• Disaffections: Complete Poems 1930–1950, translated by Geoffrey Brock. (Copper Canyon Press, 2002)

作品

• Lavorare stanca (Hard labor), poems 1936; expanded edition 1943
• 『故郷』 Paesi Tuoi (Your Villages), novel 1941
• 『浜辺』 La Spiaggia (The Beach), novel 1941
• Feria d'agosto (August Holiday) 1946
• 『青春の絆』Il Compagno (The comrade), novel 1947
• Dialoghi con Leucò (Dialogues with Leucò), Philosophical dialogues between classical Greek characters 1947
• Prima che il gallo canti (Before the Cock Crows), two novellas La casa in collina (The house on the hill) and Il carcere (The Prison), 1949
• 『美しい夏』 La bella estate (The Fine Summer), Three novellas including 『女ともだち』Tra donne sole (Women on their own), 1949 - ストレーガ賞受賞
• 『月と篝火』 La luna e i falò (The Moon and the Bonfire), novel 1950
• Verrà la morte ed avrà i tuoi occhi (Death will come and will have your eyes), poems, 1951
• Il mestiere di vivere: Diario 1935–1950, The business of living: Diaries 1935-1950 (published in English as The Burning Brand), 1952
• Saggi Letterari Literary Essays
• Racconti – two volumes of short stories
• Lettere 1926-1950 – two volumes of letters