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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Linz
Juan José Linz
(24 December 1926 – 1 October 2013) was a Spanish sociologist and
political scientist. He was Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political
Science ...
.....其中一篇「地下經典」便是期後著名的〈總統制的危險〉一文。Linz認為總統制缺陷重重：
1. 總統選舉是零和博弈，勝者全勝，引發對抗政治；
2. 總統集國家元首和政府首腦於一身，容易行事獨斷；
3. 行政立法衝突可引致政府癱瘓；
4. 因為總統任期固定，不能隨時召開大選重組內閣，總統制的「穩定」反過來令政治危機無從消解；
5. 總統在任期終結前，行事容易專橫獨斷。
此文對大多採用美國總統制的新興民主國家可謂當頭棒喝！---
http://chankinman.wordpress.com/2007/08/20/juan-linz
As Linz wrote in his 1990 paper
“The Perils of Presidentialism,”
when conflict breaks out in such a system, “there is no democratic
principle on the basis of which it can be resolved, and the mechanisms
the constitution might provide are likely to prove too complicated and
aridly legalistic to be of much force in the eyes of the electorate.”
Juan Linz’s Bad News for America
The Yale political scientist died this week. His life’s work tells us that American democracy is doomed.
http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/10/juan_linz_dies_yale_political_scientist_explains_why_government_by_crisis.html
...His publications include Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration, an
introductory volume to The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes;
“Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes”; Problems of a Democratic
Transition and Consolidation. Southern Europe, South America and
Post-Communist Europe, with Alfred Stepan; The Failure of Presidential
Democracy; Sultanistic Regimes, with Houchang Chehabi; Robert Michels.
Political Sciology and the Future of Democracy. Conflicto en Euskadi;
and essays and monographs on Spanish politics and society in edited
volumes. His research on the sociology of fascist movements has been
published in Reader’s Guide to Fascism and Who Were the Fascists? and he
is co-editor (with L. Diamond and S. M. Lipset) of a four-volume work
Democracy in Developing Countries. His writings have been translated
into Spanish, Italian, German, French, Japanse, Chinese, Korean and
Turkish.
