2008年7月30日 星期三

Tennessee Williams

田纳西·威廉斯

维基百科,自由的百科全书

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田纳西·威廉斯(1965年)
田纳西·威廉斯(1965年)

托马斯·拉尼尔·威廉斯三世Thomas Lanier Williams III1911年3月26日1983年2月25日),以筆名田纳西·威廉斯Tennessee Williams)聞名於世,是一位美國的,同時也是二十世紀最重要的劇作家之一。他于1948年1955年分別以他的《慾望街車》(A Streetcar Named Desire)及《熱鐵皮屋頂上的貓》(Cat on A Hot Tim Roof)赢得普利策戏剧奖。除此之外,《玻璃動物園》(The Glass Menagerie)在1945年以及《大蜥蜴之夜》(The Night of the Iguana )在1961年拿下紐約戲劇評論獎(New York Drama Critics' Circle Award)。1952年他的《玫瑰刺青》(The Rose Tattoo)獲得東尼獎最佳戲劇的殊榮。

目录

[隐藏]

[编辑] 生平

田纳西·威廉斯生於一個混亂不安的家庭,這樣的環境也因此激發了他許多的寫作靈感。他出生在密西西比州的哥倫布市,身為牧師的外祖父的家中(該地現今是該市的觀光客服務中心)。三歲時,全家移居到密西西比州的克拉克戴爾;七歲時,被診斷出有白喉,後兩年的時間裡,他幾乎任何事都不能做。然而他母親當時不允許他浪費時間,進而鼓勵他利用他的想像力;十三歲時,他母親給了他一台打字機

1918年威廉斯全家再搬到密蘇里州聖路易斯。他父親是位到處奔波的鞋子售貨員,在他孩子較年長時他變得越加辱罵他們;他母親是位美國南方上流世家的後裔,對於威廉斯她有幾分令人感到窒息。他的弟弟Dakin比較受到父親的眷顧。

威廉斯16歲時在文學雜誌Smart Set贏得散文第三名,獎金5元美金。一年後發表了The Venegeance of Nitocris

30年代早期,威廉斯在大學時加入ATO兄弟會,會中其他成員因為他說話的南方腔調,而給他起了田納西(Tennessee)這個外號。1935年威廉斯寫了他第一部公開演出的戲劇《開羅!上海!孟買!》(Cairo!Shanghai!Bombay!),並在田納西州的曼菲斯市演出。

1937年,威廉斯搬往紐奧良市的法蘭西區的圖盧茲街772號,並且為工作改進組織(Work Progress Administration,WPA,為當時的失業者創造就業機會的機構)寫作。1947年創作《慾望街車》的時候是居住在聖彼得街632號。

威廉斯與他的姊姊蘿絲關係親近,他也深受她的影響。蘿絲是位纖瘦美麗的女子,被診斷出有精神分裂症,大部分的時間都在精神病療養院度過。經過幾次的心理治療均不見效,她變得更加偏執。她父母最後同意進行前腦葉白質切除手術。1942年,手術在華盛頓特區進行,但之後情況惡化,蘿絲的餘生就在沒有行為能力的狀況下度過。

蘿絲的手術失敗對威廉斯是極大的打擊,他從來不原諒他的父母同意施行該手術。這也可能是造成他日後酗酒的因素之一。許多偏執的女性角色出現在威廉斯的戲劇裡,可能都是受蘿絲的影響。

威廉斯的劇本中的角色常直接代表了他的家庭成員。《玻璃動物園》裡的蘿拉就是以乃姊蘿絲為樣本,一些傳記也提到《慾望街車》的布蘭琪也是以她為樣本。腦葉切除手術也出現在《夏日癡魂》(Suddenly, Last Summer)裡。《玻璃動物園》裡的母親阿曼達可以被視為就是威廉斯的母親,劇中的湯姆則可視為是威廉斯自己。

在回憶錄裡,威廉斯剖陳自己在二十歲前就在性方面很主動,而根據Leo Leverich所著的傳記,這發生在他將近三十歲的時候。他與他的助裡兼同性愛人法蘭克·梅洛的關係從1947年開始,直到1963年梅洛過世為止。在他們相處的期間,梅洛對於威廉斯是個安定的力量,他多次平撫了威廉斯憂鬱症的發作,因為威廉斯害怕自己也像姊姊蘿拉一樣發狂。然而梅洛因癌症過世之後,長達十多年的憂鬱症問題就一直困擾著威蓮斯。

威廉斯是反同性戀社會氣氛下的受害者,他曾在1979年遭到五名年輕男孩的攻擊,但沒有受到太嚴重的身體傷害。一些評論家說病態地墮落呈現在他的作品裡,另一些則相信這是威廉斯在反抗自己是同性戀者的事實。

1983年,威廉斯在紐約一棟旅館裡,被瓶蓋噎住呼吸道窒息而死,享年71歲。然而有些人認為(包含他弟弟Dakin)威廉斯是被謀殺而死。而警方的報告顯示他的死亡可能與用藥不當有著關係。他房間被發現有些成藥,可能因為藥物或酒精的影響,導致無法從適當地反應窒息且從他喉嚨取出瓶蓋而致死。

[编辑] 作品

[编辑] 戏剧

  • Beauty Is the Word (1930)
  • 開羅!上海!孟買!Cairo! Shanghai! Bombay! (1935)
  • Candles to the Sun (1936)
  • The Magic Tower (1936)
  • Fugitive Kind (1937)
  • Spring Storm (1937)
  • Summer at the Lake (1937)
  • The Palooka (1937)
  • The Fat Man's Wife (1938)
  • Not about Nightingales (1938)
  • Adam and Eve on a Ferry (1939)
  • Battle of Angels (1940)
  • The Parade or Approaching the End of Summer (1940)
  • The Long Goodbye (1940)
  • Auto Da Fé (1941)
  • The Lady of Larkspur Lotion (1941)
  • At Liberty (1942)
  • The Pink Room (1943)
  • The Gentleman Callers (1944)
  • The Glass Menagerie (1944)
  • You Touched Me (1945)
  • Moony's Kid Don't Cry (1946)
  • This Property is Condemned (1946)
  • Twenty-Seven Wagons Full of Cotton (1946)
  • Portait of a Madonna (1946)
  • The Last of My Solid Gold Watches (1947)
  • Stairs to the Roof (1947)
  • 慾望街車A Streetcar Named Desire (1947)
  • Summer and Smoke (1948)
  • I Rise in Flame, Cried the Phoenix (1951)
  • The Rose Tattoo (1951)
  • Camino Real (1953)
  • Hello from Bertha (1954)
  • Lord Byron's Love Letter (1955) - libretto
  • Three Players of a Summer Game (1955)
  • 熱鐵皮屋頂上的貓Cat On a Hot Tin Roof (1955)
  • The Dark Room (1956)
  • The Case of the Crushed Petunias (1956)
  • Baby Doll (1956) - original screenplay
  • Orpheus Descending (1957)
  • Suddenly, Last Summer (1958)
  • A Perfect Anaysis Given by a Parrot (1958)
  • Garden District (1958)
  • Something Unspoken (1958)
  • Sweet Bird of Youth (1959)
  • The Purification (1959)
  • And Tell Sad Stories of the Deaths of Queens (1959)
  • Period of Adjustment (1960)
  • The Night of the Iguana (1961)
  • The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore (1963)
  • The Eccentricities of a Nightingale (1964)
  • Grand (1964)
  • Slapstick Tragedy (The Mutilated and The Gnädiges Fräulein) (1966)
  • The Mutilated (1967)
  • Kingdom of Earth / Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968)
  • Now the Cats with Jewelled Claws (1969)
  • In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel (1969)
  • Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis? (1969)
  • I Can't Imagine Tomorrow (1970)
  • The Frosted Glass Coffin (1970)
  • Small Craft Warnings (1972)
  • Out Cry (1973)
  • The Two-Character Play (1973)
  • The Red Devil Battery Sign (1975)
  • Demolition Downtown (1976)
  • This Is (An Entertainment) (1976)
  • Vieux Carré (1977)
  • Tiger Tail (1978)
  • Kirche, Kŭche und Kinder (1979)
  • Creve Coeur (1979)
  • Lifeboat Drill (1979)
  • Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1980)
  • The Chalky White Substance (1980)
  • This Is Peaceable Kingdom / Good Luck God (1980)
  • Steps Must be Gentle (1980)
  • The Notebook of Trigorin (1980)
  • Something Cloudy, Something Clear (1981)
  • A House Not Meant to Stand (1982)
  • The One Exception (1983)

[编辑] 小说

  • The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone


主な作品



2008/7/自由時報
〈洛杉磯傳真〉 逐漸老去

◎王丹

大 約一年半以前,我在本欄曾經撰文〈突然出櫃在那年夏天〉介紹過美國戲劇大師田納西.威廉斯(Tinnessee Williams,sic)的故事,當時發現了他的一部遺失的戲劇作品手稿《遊行》。最近,又有一部他的遺失的手稿被發現,因為手稿上沒有名稱,就叫做《遺失的田 納西.威廉斯劇作》。上個週末,這部戲劇作品在洛杉磯的西好萊塢的海岸線劇場上演,我看的是最後一場演出,觀眾仍舊是爆滿,來晚的人只好坐在走道的台階 上。大師的號召力果然驚人。

新發現的作品其實是三個獨立的獨幕劇,分別由不同的導演和演員完成,但是排成三幕劇呈現,全長大約一個半小時。 第一幕〈Paradise先生〉,描寫一個曾經紅極一時的作家Mister Paradise在晚年窮困潦倒,蝸居在一家破爛的小旅館裡面。這時一位他的早年作品的崇拜者找到旅館,發誓要幫助他重新獲得世人的關注,但是知道一切逝 去的都不可能再現的他拒絕了。那位崇拜他的姑娘傷心而去,留下短暫之間曾經回到光輝往日的老作家,又回到酒精的麻醉中。第二幕〈拳擊手〉,寫一個初出茅廬 的拳擊手在更衣室裡,聽一位老拳擊手回憶他的偶像當年的風采。第三幕〈變裝皇后之死的悲慘故事〉,則是寫一個自我認同極為女性化的男同性戀者愛上了一個異 性戀水手,為了留住水手,他幾乎把自己的一切都貢獻出來,而且並不要求任何回報,只希望對方能夠每天回來,讓他有一個家的感覺。最後水手搶劫並毆打他後離 去,傷心欲絕的他只能悲歎年華老去的孤獨。

必須要說明的是,第三幕是田納西.威廉斯寫於1959年的作品,也是迄今為止他的作品中最直接描 寫到同志議題的一部。1950年代的美國,同志運動還沒有開展,不難想像,這樣的戲劇是不可能被社會接受的,更談不上上演。當年的田納西.威廉斯並沒有公 開自己的同志身分,但是他內心並未迴避認同問題,這才有了這部五十年之後才重見天日的作品。

儘管三場獨幕劇分別寫於不同的時間,但是把它們 連接在一起十分恰當,因為三個獨幕劇,處理的其實都是一個相同的主題,那就是「老去」。無論是知道一切都已經變化了的老作家,還是只能在回憶中體驗勝利的 風采的老拳擊手,以及因為已經老去而瘋狂渴望家庭生活的男同性戀者,他們都面臨如何面對老去的挑戰,而且基本上都是失敗者。田納西.威廉斯用三個故事,充 分表現了人在時間面前的軟弱,和無法挽回過去的那種無奈。第一幕有一句台詞「變化是存在的核心」(change is the heart of existence),一語道出了那種無奈的心情。晚年的田納西.威廉斯面對一切他曾經珍愛的東西──愛人,家人,青春,朝氣以及健康──逐漸離去的現 實,他內心的蕭索全都寫進了這些作品。

對於一個作家來說,一切都會離去,唯有文字例外。●

2008年7月24日 星期四

Victor McKusick

Kyoto Prize,The Japan Prize (日本国際賞) , Praemium_Imperiale

我知道日本起碼有三大獎 國際馳名
Appreciation

A Genetics Pioneer Who Mapped the Inner World

Washington Post Staff Writer
Thursday, July 24, 2008; Page C01

Insights from the fully transcribed human genome -- those 3 billion letters of DNA -- will drive the medical discoveries of the 21st century and probably the 22nd century as well. And yet the person most responsible for this astonishing advancement seemed fully rooted in the 19th.

This Story

Not that Victor A. McKusick was born that long ago. The "father of medical genetics," and chief advocate of the once-outlandish notion of mapping and sequencing all the human genes, was born on Oct. 21, 1921. (This was a Friday; characteristically, he had researched the date.) He was 86 when he died Tuesday at his home outside Baltimore.

In education and interests, and to a great extent in work habits and demeanor, McKusick was from an era before his birth. He was from a time when lineage, locality and history shaped people's lives in ways they don't anymore.

It seems logical that McKusick's background -- he was a farm boy who grew up within a day's walk of where all four of his great-grandfathers had been born -- was a big part of the reason he was naturally drawn to genetics, the field of biology characterized by the simple persistence of things.

Add to that the fact that McKusick was an identical twin, and the deal was clinched. He was his own anecdotal evidence, a walking embodiment of how life is a conversation between what you bring in the form of genetic endowment and what you experience as a consequence of choice and chance.


McKusick's father had had an episode of exhaustion while working as a principal and school superintendent in Vermont. He was advised to seek outdoor work as a way to calm his nerves. (Similar advice was given to Robert Frost; that is what passed for psychiatric care in Northern New England at the time.) He moved back to his home town, Parkman, Maine, (pop. 550 in those years) and became a dairy farmer. Victor and his brother, Vincent, grew up there.

Like all dairy farmers, theirs was a life of early mornings, long silences and ceaseless work. McKusick went to a one-room elementary school. His high school offered no science courses.

Early on, though, Victor decided he wanted to be a physician. He attributed his interest to a 10-week sojourn as a teenager in Boston, where he was treated for a chronic skin infection he got from haying. (It was cured with sulfanilamide, which had just arrived in the medical armamentarium).

After college and medical school, both shortened by World War II, the physician settled into an academic career at Johns Hopkins. At the time he chose medical genetics as his field of interest, the number of human chromosomes was not known for certain. (The question was resolved in 1956, as 46 -- 23 pairs, including the sex chromosomes).

Consequently, much of his research consisted not of the laboratory-based, basic-science, disease-mechanism kind that makes the reputations of famous Johns Hopkins doctors. There just wasn't the knowledge or the tools to do that in medical genetics in the '50s and '60s.

The work was much more basic. McKusick's self-appointed task was to find diseases that appeared to be attributable -- all or mostly -- by inheritance, and then to prove the assertion by collecting incontrovertible genealogies.

McKusick became famous doing this among the Amish of Pennsylvania, a community descended from a few handfuls of founding families. Although averse to contact with outsiders, they accepted him, he believes, because he displayed the taciturn straightforwardness of a dairy farmer (and knew that weather and "relations" were big topics when it came time to talk). He and his colleagues ultimately became the stewards of medical care for many of these individuals.

Some of McKusick's colleagues viewed his research as the medical equivalent of stamp collecting. A few wondered if it was even science.

But McKusick perceived that the future of medicine -- and immense insight into the molecular gears and switches that are the science of life -- lay in the direction he was heading. If getting there required going house to house, examining babies, asking about grandparents, and talking about silage, he was more than happy to do it.

When he proposed, in the late 1960s, that all the human genes be mapped to the individual chromosomes in their own specified order, it was an idea that seemed preposterous, difficult and boring -- exactly what a medical researcher didn't want for a career goal.

In truth, it was that for a while.

McKusick, never a laboratory scientist, left the arduous work of gene-mapping to others. Back then, mapping a gene -- when it was possible -- took years. (Today, it pours out of an automated sequencer and computer in weeks).

Instead, he continued to look for heritable diseases and created a catalogue of what he and others found. He became the historian and compiler of mankind's emerging genome, which of course is itself a history and compilation of thousands of biological events, both successful and not.

"He was the one on the planet who held the faith and who thought that it was actually worthwhile to map the genes," Peter Goodfellow, a distinguished English geneticist, said last year.


McKusick testified before congressional committees, seeking support for the Human Genome Project. He would pull sequential editions of his catalogue, "Mendelian Inheritance in Man," from an L.L. Bean canvas bag and stand them up on the table. Each was thicker than the last. They stood as visual witnesses to the slow accretion of knowledge.

Genetics and genomics are not all of life. (After all, McKusick's identical twin became a lawyer, not a doctor). But for the moment, they are the future of medicine.

Victor McKusick was one of the first to know it.






胡大顧問 墓誌 學習型文明) 胡適日記全集 研究文庫目錄

2008
Google Books 胡適日記全集 Preview this book
By 胡適
聯經出版


(範圍:新文學運動及教育思想)






1999年暑期我上網多篇胡適之先生的短文......


胡適、戴明對話經營管理(1999/07)

緣起:

我極欣賞胡適先生。我以為,如果依古代傳統,稱孔子、孟子、朱子……,我們得尊稱他為「胡子」。

他精采的一生及作品,對整體中華文化會有深遠的影響,我們這講座很特別,是從胡適的一生作品,來談他對文化、學問、做人、對政府、學校等方面"經營管理"思想,以及這些如何與戴明思想作一對話的。

 

戴明(1900-1993)或許聽說過胡適(1891-1962)大名(待 考),然而胡適大概從未聽過戴明。不過,我以為胡適是少數有淵博知識系統的人,他又是極有影響力、前瞻的人、在文化上、政治、教育上,都極有成就,也留下 大量的作品和紀錄,成就很了不起。我們可以從多重角度來看胡適的遺產,例如從文學、哲學、史學、文化批評、教育家或行政家(外交官等),來考察胡適的種種 貢獻。我們今天的觀點比較特殊,是從行政學及管理學來談"胡說"。

首先,胡適遠比戴明博學的多,雖然胡適也勸人為學要如「金字塔」般求博求精,但基本上胡適是學者,他在論事、問世(做校長、大使、院長……) 都有貢獻,而戴明是管理顧問、「統計研究顧問」及兼任商學院教授。不過,他倆都是「美國製」的,都是受實用主義影響的,都相信「產官學」新經濟的重要。對 胡而言,他的產業是文化業及農業,而戴明的產業基本上是各行各業,尤其是工業。不過這樣比較,是得不出洞識力的。 我想,我們要看這兩位「愛國志士」終生要做的大事業之「一以貫之」之道才好。胡適的人格發展及歷練,都比戴明要平衡的多。胡適是紳士;戴明對有些大公司的 負責人等,則有「見大人則藐之」的「自卑感」這些只是小缺點,我以為他倆的人格,基本上都達到「情感-理智-意志」上平衡的發展。

對很多人而言,胡適的志向是自由,無為,容忍。戴明在這方面上多少能與胡適會通。我們姑且來看胡適一以貫之的精神:考據學(判案),與此對照,戴明也研究過統計學在法官決策系統的考量。

(1)胡大顧問

胡適極了不起,他1921年7月-8月到商務編譯所當顧問一個半月,作出極有內容的企業診斷,包括工作附加價值分析,最了不起的是推薦道德、學問、能力皆強的王雲五任副所長自代、組織、薪資分析、委員會設立、休假、圖書室/實驗室……等,指出商務員工皆無系統觀,無人知道全局、他們對待來賓、對待員工之道,也只是口惠不至……

我覺得胡的日記中,留下他作為"顧問"的極佳個案與風範,包括只收五百元(一半,約當時商務員工的最高新,偏低)當"短工"酬……。自己有自己的方向(年30歲就了解「今之學者為己」),勸雲五老師做學問要有問題,焦點……

真是了不起!顧問報告分(一)設備,(二)待遇,(三)政策,(四)組織,萬餘字,其先後次序安排與今日看法不同,甚有意思。

又請注意,商務老板夢旦先生素來對胡適的做人、學問極為欣賞,並了解商務的出版業務,必為中國之主流,掌握甚大的教育資源潛力,因而更需要有高手下海來經營才能達成此目的。


胡適墓誌(1999/08)

  不知為何與胡適的墓園失之交臂,每次來去南港,總是匆匆忙忙。1999年會比較不一樣了,因為偶然寫點《胡適經營學》,想用我的看法,讓胡適發揮十全的功夫。(大陸清算胡適思想時,分九類別(方向)向胡適射亂箭。唐德剛以為胡適對禪/佛的偏見,算得上第十類,我想,這太小看胡適思想了。我的《經營學》比較可能補成胡適的”十全”武功。)

  中研院的朋友力邀我去南港,並會簡介胡適墓園的平實之風,最近我看了些照片與資料,多少可以先做點功課。

  我在《羅家倫先生文存》*第十二冊的第七十二頁,看到<胡適墓誌>:

 「這位為學術文化進步,為思想言論自由,為維護民族的尊榮,為增進人類的幸福而勞心焦思,不惜耗盡自己一切生命力量的人──胡適先生──安眠在此地。

  該文有一按語,對我們更重要、有趣。當然,或許有人可以考據一下,真正的墓誌文字,究竟是由哪些人修改而成的:

 「這是胡適先生(民前二十一──民國五十一年)的墓。這個為學術和文化進步,為思想和言論的自由,為民族的 尊榮,為人類的幸福而苦心焦慮,敝精勞神以致身死的人,現在在這裡安息了!我們相信,形骸終要化滅,陵谷也會變遷,但現在墓中這位哲人所給予世界的光明, 將永遠存在!」

  有意思的是,該文給胡適的不朽論,竟不是胡的三不朽(楊聯陞先生在給《陳世驤先生選集》作序敬輓,就是用胡適的話來破題的--該文功力不凡),或是像我們在<華爾街院長>中了解的,B. Graham的墓誌銘是刻了他與胡適都極喜愛的丁尼生 (Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1833)詩歌 “Ulysses”的句子。Wikipedia article "Ulysses (poem)". (詳《努力、探尋、發現、永不退讓、不屈服》)

  胡適的墓誌銘「這位哲人所給予世界的光明,將永遠 存在!」是西方式的表現法。我們可以分宗教和愛國兩方面來談「光(明)」。宗教上,基督教或耶和華最先給世界光的。世俗上講,因中國處於落後地位,許多” 留學生”去西方,也是要求”曙光”的,這與自認為「中國文藝復興之父」的胡適,尤其適切。

  墓誌銘其次說了這兒安息的人,是「為學術和文化的進步,為思想和言論的自由,為民族的尊崇,為人類的幸福而苦心焦慮,敝精勞神而致身死的人

  我們先談「敝精勞神」。胡適晚年清醒的時間的三分之二,都是用來送往迎來的,所以寫文章要移到三更半夜才能享受(或盡責,他寫文章要考據是有使命感,示範作用和自勉的)。

  近來大家多偏向於談胡適的自由主義思想和言論自由上的貢獻,尤其是《自由中國》雷震案與台灣的自由發展史更有密切的關係。其實,「寧鳴而死,不默而生」正是他一輩子的宗旨。胡適為雷震案固然「苦心焦慮」,其實他一輩子也常在救朋友,如陳獨秀入牢,周作人的審判等等

  「民族的尊榮」可能是指胡適任大使及辦《獨立群論》談國事(......抗戰,所以存民族之命脈

  我想重點應是他為「學術文化之進步」:在學術及文化上,胡適是有歷史的獨特地位及貢獻的。

*2008年補--最近看到中國某書專題談羅先生 妙的是 根據極少數之資料可以大言不慚"研究"之.....


胡適的學習型文明(1999/08)

  九0年代興起「學習型組織」或「智識管理」等等方面的探討熱潮。

  其實胡適等人所領導的中國文藝復興運動,其真義為採取尼采的”重新估定一切價值”(transvaluation of all values),是更廣義的社會、文明之改造。因此,胡適的模式是可以從「組織與學習」的角度來研究的。我們可以從《胡適口述自傳》的第八章<從文學革命到文藝復興>來了解它。下述是他為”中國文藝復興運動”所下的定義(用企管的術語,叫做目的說明書(Purpose statement)

 「通過嚴肅分析我們面臨的活生生的問題;通過由輸入的新學理、新觀念、新思想來幫助和解決這些問題;通過以相同的批判的態度對我國固有文明的了解和重建,我們這一運動的結果,就會產生一個新的文明來。」

  他在第十章又說:中國文藝復興運動有四重目的:

  1. 研究問題,特殊的問題和今日迫切的問題;
  2. 輸入學理,從海外輸入那些適合我們做參考和比較研究用的學理;
  3. 整理國故;〔把三千年來支離破碎的古學,用科學方法做一番有系統的整理〕
  4. 再造文明,這是以上三項綜合起來的最後目的。

  有意思的是,人們大約每隔十年,在海內、外,都會對這一活動實施改頭換面的新訴求(例如蔣介石的「倫理、民主、科學」)和學術性評估研討。而關於中國的轉型,究竟是要考慮「生產方式」或只就文化而言,這仍是見仁見智的。

  我們如果從「學習的共同體(learning community)」的觀點,來談胡適的「師長、朋友、文章」在中外學術、文化、教育界、政界、產業界等的互動,就是一首「學習型文明」的史詩。我們可以談談這個共同體價值觀的建立,做人處事(立德、立言、立功)風格的建立及其績效(成績單)。

  我們也可以就他們所提出的問題,追蹤並了解其進程。當然,這牽涉到海峽兩岸廿世紀的文明總評估,工程浩大,但卻是應該做的,而且可行的事。

  不過,我們別忘了我們的議題的基本假設或許可能有根本的瑕疵,因為要將「學習」要從個人推廣到組織、社 會,很可能因為太複雜而流於空泛,正如許多人不信「總體經濟學」或「組織學習」般(很難印證)。我的意見是這一假設,或可以給我們思考一些根本而重要的問 題。從學術上看,這是一大膽的假設。

2008年7月23日 星期三

Tawney, Richard Henry

Columbia Encyclopedia: Tawney, Richard Henry
(') , 1880–1962, British economic historian, b. Calcutta (now Kolkata). He was professor at the Univ. of London from 1931 to 1949. A leading socialist, Tawney helped to formulate the economic and ethical views of the British Labour party through his many essays and books, and he participated in numerous government bodies concerned with education, trade, and industry. As a scholar Tawney was a foremost expert on early modern capitalism. His works include the classic The Agrarian Problem in the 16th Century (1912), which describes the creation of capitalistic modes of production, of an enclosure movement, and of a vigorous rising gentry in rural England. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926) examines the relationship between the Protestant ethic and early capitalism. Among his other significant volumes are The Acquisitive Society (1920), Equality (1931, 4th ed. 1952), and Land and Labour in China (1932).

Bibliography

See R. Terrill, R. H. Tawney and His Times (1973).

託內教授《16世紀農業問題》認為16世紀"小契約租地農"只佔三類農民總戶數的12.6%,則"大契約租地農"(即資本家租地農場主——筆者)佔農民總戶數的4.2%......




Richard Henry Tawney (1880 - 1962) was an English writer, economist, historian, social critic and university professor and a leading advocate of Christian Socialism. Richard Tawney has been called "the patron saint of adult education". [1]

Wikipedia article "R. H. Tawney".

英國1977-78的Essex 大學,離創校校長1963 Dr Albert Sloman到BBC發表Reith Lectures『一所新興大學之遠景』 A University in The Making(據說,他談Essex大學校地Wivenhoe Park風景優美,所以學生宿舍必須「起高樓」方式(每棟tower十來層,每樓約9-12間,每層樓約住10名學生,可以男女各居一室共處之,這在近50年前可能很新潮)。記得有六棟這種towers。大樓名字都取(政經)著名大學者紀念(英國學術天空巨星雲集,能選上代表是公認的,如羅素、凱因斯…….)。我住紀念R. H. Tawney的--那時我搞不清楚Tawney先生何許人,真是失敬:多年之後我讀他的書和紀念網頁,思考是否該翻譯一本他的著作留念。


社會經濟氛圍注定會天生英才名家Tawney,
Richard Henry1880 —1962)他是一位富有社會學修養的文明評論家 他在名著《宗教資本主義的興起……..

R. H. Tawney《中國的土地勞力Land and Labour in China (1932).張漢裕譯,協志工業叢書,1995;原書1929年出版)其中有許多話很重要:
"國家所需要的是受過教育的人,不是沒受過教育的畢業生, 再不可為了大量生產而犧牲內容。應該側重教學生自己思考─這是比較廢力的事".中譯本,p. 206

R. H. Tawney的《宗教資本主義的興起 1924》Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, (1926);趙月瑟 夏鎮平 譯,上海:上海譯文出版社,2006
歷史學家 RH Tawney 就認為中世紀的文藝復興,理性和啟蒙才是現代資本主義精神的主要來源 , 不具有發生學上的重要性 。 但是 從西方理性化 、 文藝復興的歷史以及學術崛起的歷程看 , 宗教在其中實際都是很重要的角色 , 神學是當時的顯學 ...









2008年7月15日 星期二

Michael DeBakey, Rebuilder of Hearts

心臟搭橋手術始創者辭世享年99
美國著名心臟外科醫生米高﹒德貝基(1999)
米高﹒德貝基享年99歲

因為始創促成心臟搭橋手術的相關步驟而成名的美國心臟外科醫生米高﹒德貝基(Michael DeBakey)逝世,享年99歲。

據有關官員表示,德貝基醫生當地時間星期五(7月11日)晚上在休斯敦循道衛理醫院死於自然。

德貝基兩年前因主動脈受損而接受手術時,所使用的手術步驟正是由他自己首創的。

德貝基醫生曾醫治的病人,包括許多世界領袖和國際名人巨星。

循道衛理醫院系統主席吉羅特說:“德貝基醫生的名聲使得許多人慕名而來,而他也把病人們悉數治愈:國家元首、演藝人士、商家和總裁,還有那些平凡不過的人們。”

“他改善了人道狀況,並觸動世世代代的生命。”

德貝基醫生是開發人造心臟與心臟泵等儀器的先行者,幫助了不少等候心臟移植的病人。他也幫助設計了許多醫療器材,包括心肺機的重要部件滾輪泵。這台器材使心臟手術得以實現。

德貝基醫生生前也因為一手把休斯敦貝勒醫學院發展成美國全國首屈一指的醫學院而贏得美譽。


Michael DeBakey, Rebuilder of Hearts, Dies at 99

Associated Press

Dr. Christiaan Barnard of South Africa, left, with Dr. Michael E. DeBakey and Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz of Brooklyn in 1967.


Published: July 13, 2008

Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, whose innovative heart and blood vessel operations made him one of the most influential doctors in the United States, died Friday night in Houston, where he lived. He was 99.

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Michael Stravato for The New York Times

Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, in 2006, at his Houston office, where corridors are lined with pictures of his patients, many of whom were famous.

Associated Press

Dr. Michael E. DeBakey performs open-heart surgery in Saudi Arabia in May 1978.

His death at the Methodist Hospital was announced by the hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, where Dr. DeBakey was chancellor emeritus.

“Many consider Michael E. DeBakey to be the greatest surgeon ever,” The Journal of the American Medical Association said in 2005.

Dr. DeBakey’s pioneering surgical procedures in bypassing blocked arteries in the neck, legs and heart have been performed on millions of patients around the world. By the time he stopped a regular surgical schedule, when he was in his 80s, he had performed more than 60,000 operations.

He was also instrumental in making Houston a major center for heart surgery and research and transforming Baylor into one of the nation’s great medical education and research institutions.

And he was a leader in developing mechanical devices to assist failing hearts. An early invention, the roller pump, devised while he was in medical school in the 1930s, became the central component of the heart-lung machine, which takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by supplying oxygenated blood to the brain. It helped inaugurate the era of open-heart surgery.

One of Dr. DeBakey’s innovations helped preserve his own life in 2006, when he underwent surgery to repair a torn aorta. He had devised the operation 50 years earlier. He spent months making what he called a miraculous recovery and then returned to an active schedule.

A number of his surgical inno-vations and observations were initially ridiculed. While working at Tulane University in New Orleans in 1939, Dr. DeBakey and Dr. Alton Ochsner made one of the first links between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Many prominent doctors derided the concept. Then, in 1964, the surgeon general documented the link.

Dr. DeBakey went on to discover — again in the face of professional skepticism — that Dacron grafts were excellent substitutes for damaged parts of arteries; the finding allowed surgeons to repair previously inoperable aneurysms of the aorta in the chest and abdomen.

His fame extended far outside operating rooms and medical colleges. His care of ailing world leaders made headlines. And with organizational and political skills and energy as enormous as his pride, Dr. DeBakey traveled the world well into advanced age, lecturing and helping to build cardiovascular centers. In 2005 alone he made four international trips.

In the cold war, Dr. DeBakey made about 20 visits to Moscow to lecture. The trust he earned helped shape recent history when, in a consultation in Russia, he determined that President Boris N. Yeltsin, who had fallen ill during a re-election campaign in 1996, could undergo coronary bypass surgery. Yeltsin’s doctors had contended that the president could not survive an operation, Dr. DeBakey said.

That consultation was credited with saving Yeltsin’s presidency, if not his life. (Yeltsin died last year at 76.)

“Calling in Dr. DeBakey was very important, a signal that he was in very serious condition, and consulting with a world leader in surgery this way was almost unthinkable in the Soviet period,” said Marshall I. Goldman, a Russian expert and senior scholar at Harvard.

In World War II, Dr. DeBakey helped modernize battlefield surgery by urging that doctors be moved from hospitals to the front lines, where only first aid had previously been given. Dr. DeBakey said that he and others created early versions of what became the mobile army surgical hospital, or MASH unit, in the Korean War. For changing the strategy of treating the wounded, the Army awarded him the Legion of Merit.

Dr. DeBakey also helped develop a medical program to care for returning war veterans. The Veterans Affairs hospital in Houston is named for him. And he was a driving force in rejuvenating the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Md., and turning it into the world’s leading repository of medical information.

Dr. DeBakey advised a number of presidents about health issues and, he said, consulted in the personal care of two of them: Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. Even though Dr. DeBakey was on Nixon’s enemies list, the president invited him to the White House for a briefing after one of Dr. DeBakey’s visits to the Soviet Union.

Dr. DeBakey attributed his longevity in part to never having smoked and to genes that helped other members of his family live into their 90s. A relatively short man who looked 20 years younger than his age, he could fit into his Army uniform in his later years despite a lack of regular physical exercise, he said.

Even in his 90s, Dr. DeBakey arose at 5 a.m. every day, wrote in his study for two hours and then drove, often in a sports car, to the hospital, where he stayed until 6 p.m. After dinner, he usually returned to his library for more reading or writing before retiring after midnight.

Skilled Innovator

Michael Ellis DeBakey never lost the Southern drawl he acquired growing up in Lake Charles, La. He was born on Sept. 7, 1908, the oldest of five children of Lebanese-Christian immigrants who moved to the United States to escape religious intolerance in the Middle East. His parents chose Cajun country because French was spoken there, as it had been in Lebanon.

Dr. DeBakey credited much of his surgical success to his mother, Raheeja, for teaching him to sew, crochet and knit.

He was inspired to become a doctor from chats with local physicians while he worked at a pharmacy owned by his father, Shaker Morris DeBakey, who also owned rice farms.

While attending schools in Lake Charles and earning undergraduate and medical degrees from Tulane, he played the saxophone and clarinet in a band.

As a medical student, he showed a gift for innovation when an instructor asked him to find a pump to study pulse waves in arteries. From library research, he fashioned older pumps and rubber tubing into one that served the instructor’s purpose, calling it a roller pump.

This was before the time of blood banks, so Dr. DeBakey used the pump to transfuse blood directly from a donor to a patient. The pump was later adapted for use in the heart-lung machine.

After finishing his training at Charity Hospital in New Orleans in 1935, Dr. DeBakey started out as a general surgeon. At the time, few doctors specialized in heart and chest surgery. Young American doctors who aspired to academic careers typically sought further training in Europe. Dr. DeBakey enrolled at the University of Strasbourg in France and then the University of Heidelberg in Germany.

While working at Tulane, he was appointed chairman of the department of surgery at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. He found that the department was on academic probation and broke. In his first weeks there, in 1948, he learned that a promised affiliation with a hospital in Houston had fallen through and that the hospital’s doctors would accordingly not let him operate on their patients. With nowhere to teach young doctors, Dr. DeBakey was about to resign.

But then the Truman administration asked him to help transfer Houston’s Navy hospital to the Veterans Administration. Seizing on the opportunity, he stayed on at Baylor to help make the veterans hospital Baylor’s first official hospital affiliate and build Houston’s first surgical residency program.

Dr. DeBakey had a knack for recruiting good surgeons who played key roles in many of his successes. One was Dr. Denton A. Cooley, who was Dr. DeBakey’s protégé until a rift left them bitter rivals for nearly 40 years.

In his lectures, Dr. DeBakey, an inveterate name-dropper, often showed photographs of his celebrated patients and spoke about their ailments. Among the notables were the deposed shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi; the duke of Windsor, the former King Edward VIII of England; Marlene Dietrich; Joe Louis; Leo Durocher, the baseball manager; and Jerry Lewis. His spacious office in Houston and the long corridors leading to it were lined with framed awards and pictures autographed by many of his patients.

Surgery Pioneer

The main focus of Dr. DeBakey’s surgical innovations was arteriosclerosis, a systemic disease in which fatty deposits can damage arteries feeding the heart and other tissues, leading to heart attacks, strokes and loss of limbs.

When Dr. DeBakey began his career, surgeons could do little for arteriosclerosis. He was a leader among those who demonstrated otherwise.

Dr. Allan D. Callow, a vascular surgeon and emeritus professor of surgery at Tufts University, said Dr. DeBakey had recognized that the damage from arteriosclerosis was often limited to critical areas in arteries and that these areas could be cut out or bypassed surgically.

In 1952, Dr. DeBakey successfully repaired an aortic aneurysm — a ballooning of an artery — by cutting out the damaged segment in the abdomen and replacing it with a graft from a cadaver. In 1953, he successfully repaired a blocked carotid artery in the neck. The blockage threatened to cause a stroke by choking off blood flow to part of the brain.

Luck played a big role in one of Dr. DeBakey’s major innovations.

Seeking to use synthetic instead of cadaver grafts, he went to a department store to buy some nylon. The store had run out of it, so a clerk suggested a new product, Dacron. Dr. DeBakey liked its feel, bought a yard and then used his wife’s sewing machine — he was married to the former Diana Cooper at the time — to create his first artificial arterial patches and tubes.

He went on to collaborate with a textile engineer in Philadelphia to produce Dacron arterial grafts in large numbers.

Dacron turned out to last for decades as a surgical graft; nylon, by contrast, broke down after about a year.

Many doctors initially scoffed at Dr. DeBakey’s claim about Dacron, in part because he had a tendency, like a number of other surgeons, not to report failures. But when the critics went to Houston, they found he was operating on many patients and was far ahead of them.

That work won Dr. DeBakey a Lasker Award, the country’s most prestigious biomedical prize, in 1963. He was cited for a number of accomplishments that were “responsible in a large measure for inaugurating a new era in cardiovascular surgery.”

In 1964, President Johnson appointed Dr. DeBakey chairman of the President’s Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke, which went on to raise standards of care for these diseases.

Dr. DeBakey was a pioneer in performing coronary bypass operations. In one of his last lectures, at the New York Academy of Medicine in Manhattan in November 2005, Dr. DeBakey said that his team had performed the first successful coronary bypass operation, in 1964, but that it did not report it until 1974.

Critics say Dr. DeBakey was eager to claim credit for innovations or exaggerate his role in making them, but since no biography of Dr. DeBakey or thorough analysis of his hundreds of scientific papers has been published, it will be left to medical historians to resolve such controversies.

Shortly after Dr. Christiaan N. Barnard performed the first human heart transplant in 1967, in Cape Town, South Africa, Dr. DeBakey followed, somewhat warily. His team was the first to transplant four organs — a heart, two kidneys and a lung — from one donor to different recipients.

Realizing that the demand for human heart transplants would outstrip the supply, Dr. DeBakey pursued the development of a total artificial heart as well as a partial one, known as a ventricular assist device, or VAD.

Dr. DeBakey is believed to have been the first to use a VAD successfully. Over 10 days in 1966, he weaned a woman from a heart-lung machine after heart surgery and then removed the device when her heart function improved. She died in an automobile accident several years later.

A number of such assisting devices, including a small one bearing Dr. DeBakey’s name, are now marketed or are being tested among patients with severe heart failure. The use of the total artificial heart that Dr. DeBakey was developing with Dr. Domingo S. Liotta led to a widely publicized scandal in 1969. On walking into a meeting at the National Institutes of Health, which was paying for the research, Dr. DeBakey was shocked to learn that hours earlier Dr. Cooley, his former colleague, had implanted an artificial heart in a patient for the first time. The device was the one the DeBakey team had been testing on calves.

The government ordered Baylor to investigate the unauthorized use of the experimental device. Using the artificial heart on the patient, Haskell Karp, was premature, Dr. DeBakey said, because of “discouraging results” in calves. He later called Dr. Cooley’s action a “childish” effort to claim a medical first.

Dr. Cooley, who had moved to another nearby Baylor institution, St. Luke’s Hospital, had never tested the device on animals and said he had implanted it as a desperate measure to keep Mr. Karp alive until he could do a transplant. But others contended that Dr. Cooley had secretly been planning to use the device for several months.

The American College of Surgeons censured Dr. Cooley, who resigned from Baylor, and for almost 40 years the two master surgeons rarely spoke, maintaining perhaps the most famous feud in medicine. But it ended last year, in a surprise reconciliation, when the two men warmly shook hands at a ceremony at St. Luke’s in which Dr. DeBakey received a lifetime achievement award from the Denton A. Cooley Cardiovascular Surgical Society.

Medical Politician

Dr. DeBakey said his ties to the former Soviet Union began after he befriended a small group of Soviet doctors who sat by themselves at a surgical meeting in Mexico in the 1950s. Dr. DeBakey took them to lunch and invited them to watch him operate in Houston on their way home. Later, they invited Dr. DeBakey to speak in the Soviet Union.

In 1973, Dr. DeBakey went to Moscow to operate on Mstislav Keldysh, a nuclear scientist and president of the Soviet Academy of Science. A year later, the Academy of Medical Sciences of the U.S.S.R. elected Dr. DeBakey a foreign member.

For 30 years, from 1964 to 1994, Dr. DeBakey served as chairman of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation’s medical research awards jury. Contacts Dr. DeBakey made through the foundation led to referrals from around the world.

As a shrewd medical politician, Dr. DeBakey called on grateful patients and their families to help campaign for national legislation that created the National Library of Medicine; he enlisted them again to help ensure that the library would be part of the National Institutes of Health.

Dr. DeBakey never shied from controversy.

In the early 1960s, he attended a press conference at the White House with President John F. Kennedy to support the creation of the federal Medicare health insurance plan, bucking the American Medical Association, which had given him its Distinguished Service award in 1959. The Medicare legislation passed in 1965 under President Johnson.

Dr. DeBakey said his greatest professional disappointment was in not solving the mystery of arteriosclerosis; he never accepted cholesterol as the dominant factor in producing the disease. In the 1980s, Dr. DeBakey was among the first to explore whether a virus or other infectious agent might lead to arteriosclerosis, a link scientists continue to explore.

In 1969, Johnson awarded Dr. DeBakey the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given a United States citizen. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan awarded him the National Medal of Science. In April, he received the Congressional Gold Medal, Congress’s highest civilian honor, in a ceremony attended by President Bush.

Dr. DeBakey’s first wife, Diana, died in 1972. His survivors include his second wife, the former Katrin Fehlhaber, who had been a film actress in Germany; their daughter, Olga-Katarina; two sons from his first marriage, Michael and Dennis; two sisters; and a number of grandchildren. Two sons, Ernest and Barry, died earlier.

Dr. DeBakey was a perfectionist, intolerant of incompetence, sloppy thinking and laziness. Before mellowing in his later years, he had a reputation for sometimes tyrannical behavior in firing assistants for making relatively minor errors like cutting a suture to the wrong length.

“If you were on the operating table,” Dr. DeBakey said, “would you want a perfectionist or somebody who cared little for detail?”

Dr. Jeremy R. Morton, a retired heart surgeon in Portland, Me., who trained under Dr. DeBakey, said: “He could be sweet as dripping honey when it came to patients and medical students, but could be brutal with surgical residents.

“I guess he was trying to make us tough.”

2008年7月12日 星期六

Samuel Pepys


Pepys' Diary: Wednesday 4 April 1660
The King: O, prisca fides! What can these be? Rochester: The love of wine and women.
The King: God bless your majesty!" new. Hhomeboy on Sun 6 Apr 2003, ...
Sober in govt….continued:
One of the better exchanges between Rochester and The King:
"Rochester:Were I in your Majesty's place I would not govern at all.
The King: How then?
Rochester: I would send for my good Lord Rochester and command him to govern.
The King: But the singular modesty of that nobleman-
Rochester: He would certainly conform himself to your Majesty's bright example. How gloriously would the two grand social virtues flourish under his auspices!
The King: O, prisca fides! What can these be?
Rochester: The love of wine and women.
The King: God bless your majesty!"
crest
The Family Motto is: "PRISCA FIDES" this translates to "Ancient Trust" and can
be traced to John Glassford Tobacco Lord. ...

I've Seen Fire, I've Seen Plague


Published: December 29, 2002


SAMUEL PEPYS
The Unequalled Self.
By Claire Tomalin.
Illustrated. 470 pp. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf. $30.

Who remembers Samuel Pepys anymore? Of all the dead white males who used to throng the anthologies and the English lit syllabus, Pepys (1633-1703) is now among the deadest, relegated to footnotes and to trivia questions about the correct pronunciation of his name. (It rhymes with cheeps.) In today's literary climate, there are lots of reasons for benching Pepys -- he was a political chameleon, nasty to the servants, and a serial groper and philanderer -- but the most compelling may be that he's such an anomaly. He comes out of nowhere -- writing only for himself, in a form of his own invention -- and he doesn't lead anywhere either. By the time his work was discovered, a century later, he was a curiosity but not an ''influence.'' Yet the decline in Pepys's reputation only makes Claire Tomalin's engaging new biography all the more remarkable: she not only brings him back to vibrant life, but makes a powerful case that he's more central, more ''relevant,'' than we ever imagined.

Pepys had two great accomplishments. He was the creator, in effect, of the modern British Navy, and to this day naval historians so revere him that they regard the other Pepys, the literary one, as an embarrassment and a distraction. He was also a compulsive diarist. Starting on New Year's Day in 1660 (when he was 26), he faithfully wrote down, in a shorthand code, a day-by-day account of everything he saw, felt or heard for the next nine years. The completed diary fills six 282-page notebooks; it's the longest, most personal account we have of life in the 17th century, and also an invaluable eyewitness account of some of the most seismic events in English history: the Restoration (Pepys was in the boat that went to fetch Charles II from the Netherlands), the plague of 1665, the Great Fire the following year and the Dutch raids the year after that. Bracketing the diary are the years of the Civil War and the Protectorate (Pepys as a schoolboy watched the king's execution) and, later, the Glorious Revolution of 1688, during which Pepys, who remained a staunch Jacobite, was briefly imprisoned on suspicion of treason. Few literary figures have lived through more interesting, or more treacherous, times.

Pepys, as Tomalin points out, was hardly the first person to write a diary, but most earlier diaries were written for a specific purpose -- usually religious (as an aid to spiritual bookkeeping) or to record travel and sightseeing. It's not really clear what prompted Pepys to begin his diary, unless it was just a vague intimation that he was living on the eve of great events, but the diary quickly became its own purpose and justification. Pepys kept track of everything: his assignations, his finances, his business deals, his conversations with the king (and erotic dreams about the queen), his hangovers, his bowel movements and ejaculations, his fears and hopes and imaginings, his frequent tiffs with his wife.

Borrowing a phrase from Robert Louis Stevenson (who read the diary after it was decoded and published in close to a full version in 1879), Tomalin subtitles her book ''The Unequalled Self,'' and suggests that over the course of the diary we can watch the evolution of something like a modern version of selfhood. This is certainly true in the sense that Pepys held nothing back, but he's also the least reflective and self-conscious diarist imaginable. We get none of the soul-searching, the self-examination -- the sense of a personality under construction -- that turns up, say, in Boswell's journals, just a generation or two later. There's something almost childlike in Pepys's essential self-delight and in his undifferentiated avidity for experience.

Nor is Pepys a particularly great prose stylist, certainly not by 17th-century standards, which prized cleverness and ornament. The diary contains numerous set pieces -- such as the descriptions of the coronation of Charles II (where Pepys got so drunk he passed out and woke up in his own ''spew''), of the fire and the plague -- which he clearly took some time and trouble over. But there are great stretches that are written in, well, diaryese: up early and to work . . . away to My Lord So-and-So's . . . dine with Sir Such-and-Such . . . conversation with Mr. Somebody or other . . . was mighty merry . . . and so on, until at the end of a long day he closes with his trademark phrase ''and so to bed.'' Except for Tomalin and the Pepys professionals, it's safe to say, few people recently have read all six volumes straight through. (If you want to try, they're on the Internet, as part of the Gutenberg project; there is also a convenient abridgment, edited by Robert Latham.) For a long time, the sexy bits were expurgated, and most of them turn out to have been written in a kind of code-within-the-code, a pidgin of French, Latin and Spanish that today reads like the fevered jottings of a horny and nerdy high schooler. (Pepys was raised as a Puritan, we need to remember.) Here he is on Nov. 16, 1667, talking about riding with a servant girl in a coach, and how after great effort he succeeded in making her ''tener mi cosa in her mano while mi mano was sobra su pectus, and so did hazer with great delight.'' Elsewhere he is always trying to ''toca'' someone's ''jupes'' or thighs, or else attempting to ''poner'' his ''main'' someplace it doesn't belong, as on the awful day when his wife found him feeling up her maid. ''I was at a wonderful loss upon it,'' Pepys wrote, ''and the girl also.''

But the seeming artlessness, and even occasional crudeness, of the diaries turn out to be their greatest strength. Pepys was not a brilliant thinker, or even an especially good shaper of experience, but he was a superb noticer, and picked up on things that others overlooked -- the king's dog, for example, relieving himself in the bottom of the Royal Barge; or the pigeons, during the Great Fire, who were ''loath to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconies till they were some of them burned their wings, and fell down.'' In short, he was a great reporter, at a time when reporting as we know it hadn't really been invented, and his writing, direct and unmediated, has the virtue of instant credibility. Reading Pepys we intuitively sense that we're getting the genuine version, a true feeling for what life really was like back then.

Tomalin's last book was a biography of Jane Austen, about whom we know next to nothing. Here she has the opposite problem -- Pepys's is one of the best documented lives ever -- and she has solved it by adopting, for the most part, a thematic rather than a chronological approach, with individual chapters devoted to his marriage, his work, his relationship with the king, his career in Parliament, his membership in the Royal Society and so on. This results in occasional repetition, and requires a couple of awkward flashbacks or leaps forward; some of Tomalin's summarizing, moreover, comes at the expense of actual quotation. You don't always hear as much of Pepys himself as you would like, especially on two of his favorite subjects, music and the theater.

On the other hand, Tomalin is a brilliant summarist, with a Pepys-like gift of her own for evoking the sights, sounds and smells of 17th-century London, and she has performed an invaluable service by so patiently and carefully sifting through mounds of documentation in order to bring us back the good stuff. She has restored to us the whole Pepys, not just the young man who wrote the diary, and we can now follow the full trajectory of his life, including the many political scrapes the shrewd older bureaucrat had to dodge. (He had made a lifelong enemy of the Earl of Shaftesbury, for example, who never tired of trying to smear him.) Tomalin also reveals that after the death of his wife, Pepys carried on a 33-year affair with a younger woman named Mary Skinner; though semi-secret, the relationship proved in many ways more satisfying and less fraught than his marriage. (Surprisingly, for someone who slept around so much, Pepys never fathered any children, possibly because of a horrific kidney-stone operation he underwent as a young man.)

In Tomalin's telling, Pepys turns out to be the first modern success story: a poor but talented and ambitious young man who, by dint of luck, connections and hard work, rises to the top of his profession. He becomes, in Tom Wolfe's phrase, a ''Master of the Universe'' -and takes both pride and immense and infectious delight in all the perks that come with that exalted state: the money, the apartment, the clothes, the meals, the girlfriends, the rich and important connections.

Pepys's father was a barely literate tailor, his mother a laundress, and it's doubtful that he would have got on at all in life were it not for the intervention of a wealthy cousin, Edward Montagu (later the Earl of Sandwich), who saw to it that he got an education and eventually a job as clerk in Cromwell's government. Montagu was an ardent Puritan and republican, one of Cromwell's right-hand advisers, but as the Rump Parliament fell apart after Cromwell's death, he secretly and expeditiously began negotiations with the exiled Prince Charles. When the moment was right, he changed his stripes and became a royalist. Most of England eagerly did the same, including Montagu's 26-year-old protégé; it was a moment, Tomalin suggests, comparable to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the cold war.

Montagu was given a peerage and appointed Master of the King's Wardrobe; he got Pepys an appointment with the Navy Board. This was the single luckiest stroke of Pepys's life, and it was the making of him. The navy at that time was the biggest industry and the biggest employer in all of England, and Pepys proved to be brilliant at his job, the first naval administrator to keep accurate and useful records and to codify standards and procedures. He was, even in today's terms, a workaholic; by 17th-century standards he was a marvel of energy and efficiency. Most of his peers worked to live; Pepys lived to work, and the diary is full of accounts of early rising and long hours, of getting up in the middle of the night to rush back to the office. The job came with a house, a good salary and, just as important, an opportunity not for bribes, exactly (though he accepted those too), but for ''considerations.'' Pepys was shrewd with a pound, and soon became well off.

Some of his money he spent on himself, on clothes and wigs. (He was one of the first Englishmen to adopt the French custom of wearing a peruke, which explains why in his surviving portraits he always has on an enormous and weighty-looking hairpiece.) He poured even more money into home improvements; his house, on Seething Lane, was usually filled with joiners, plasterers, painters, upholsterers and floor-layers, all of whose comings and goings are faithfully noted in the diary. As he got on in the world, Pepys took up dancing, and even hired a private teacher (who flirted so shamelessly with Mrs. Pepys that it drove him mad with jealously). He gave lavish dinner parties and was a regular at court, where the king joked with him and called him by name. In his spare time he called on his reliable old flames Betty Lane and Mrs. Bagwell, the wife of a ship's carpenter, and also tried his luck with any serving girl or housemaid who came within range.

And all the while he was writing it down. Most of us, at one time or another, have imagined ourselves as actors in the drama (or sitcom) of our own lives. Pepys had the nerve to cast himself as the central player in an epic -+the story not only of his life but of his times -- and it's a story that fascinated him every bit as much as it fascinates us. He abandoned the diary when he was 36 because he was worried about his eyesight. He twice made a stab at starting up again, but these later diaries have none of the energy of the original. ''Something essential was missing,'' Tomalin writes, ''some grit that had caused him to produce his pearl.'' Or it may be that by then he had arrived, and there was nothing left to prove. Being one of the most important men in London wasn't just a thrilling part to play -- it was who he had become.

Charles McGrath is the editor of the Book Review.

2008年7月6日 星期日

朱自清

讀"心"性情。如:「性」。韓非子˙觀行:「西門豹之性急,故佩韋以自緩,董安于之緩,故佩弦以自急。」

才想起朱自清 先生 他的背影 荷塘月色等 文是我們那代國文教科書選的 感動多人

朱自清(西元1898~1948)字佩弦,浙江紹興人。北京大學畢業,英國倫敦大學研究。曾任清華大學中國文學系教授、系主任,一生致力於文學的創作與研究,長於散文。著有背影、經典常談、詩言志辨等。

大陸出版過他二十餘本的全集 部分文章可參考朱自清的全部作品集 -我讀過他的晚年日記 也相當令人欽佩他的努力 婉惜其貧病

2008年7月5日 星期六

Pasternaks

真敢社講座之講座計畫主持人 卡洛玲子 敬邀書上 偶爾有:「費用:社員250非社員400依例歡迎扔下大鈔喊「免找」!」
她現在在家「自修」。所以跟她講一更大號之故事,博其一笑:
話說昔日. "Leonid Pasternak". Wikipedia article "Leonid Pasternak". )一家多英才,譬如說兒子詩人Boris比父親更有名(著『齊瓦哥醫生』大陸出版的Pasternak 回憶錄集『人和事』(三聯)等),我看過他哥哥亞歷山大的回憶錄(英文) 。
Leonid 1921年離開俄國,1945年客死牛津。
她的孫女在21世紀幫他弄個要預約才能參觀的紀念館。
最有趣的是她的先生「害怕失去他的安寧空間」,這樣說(寫/譯):「我期望著一位沒有膀胱的百萬富翁前來靜靜地參觀,他不用廁所,願意花一根金條購買風景明信片,還說,『不用再找了!』。」【大陸滥翻譯本【牛津:歷史和文化】 第182頁】






《日瓦戈醫生》譯後記
藍英年
一九五八年我在青島李村鎮勞動鍛煉。勞動鍛煉是一種思想改造措施,但不同於勞動教養和勞動改造,沒有後兩項嚴厲。比如行動自由,工資照常發,星期日照常休 息。只是把參加勞動鍛煉的教師下放到農村,叫他們與農民一起勞動,一邊勞動一邊改造思想。下放不是遣送,而是歡送。下放前召開歡送大會,給每位下放教師戴 一朵大紅花,我就是帶著大紅花下放到李村鎮的。十月下旬的一天,勞動間歇時候我坐在山坡上休息,公社郵遞員送來報紙。頭版是鄭振鐸等先生遇難的消息。第三 版刊登了蘇聯作家協會開除帕斯捷爾納克會籍的報導,因為他寫了反動小說《日瓦戈醫生》。
說來慚愧,我這個人民大學俄語系畢業生竟不知道蘇聯有個叫帕斯捷爾納克的作家。我學過俄國文學史,也學過蘇聯文學史。學了一年,都是蘇聯教師授課(那時叫 蘇聯專家)。老師講授法捷耶夫、西蒙諾夫和蕭洛霍夫等作家,但從未提過帕斯捷爾納克。後來才明白,蘇聯教師講的都是蘇聯主流作家,而帕斯捷爾納克則是非主 流作家。主流作家遵循社會主義現實主義的創作方法,謳歌蘇聯體制,而非主流作家堅持自己的創作原則,雖然為了生存也不得不歌頌史達林和蘇維埃政權,但仍不 能贏得政權的歡心。
人們對不知道的事情往往好奇,我也如此。我想瞭解《日瓦戈醫生》是本什麼書,為何蘇聯對該書作者帕斯捷爾納克大興撻伐。我給在紐約的叔叔寫信,請他給我寄 一本俄文版的《日瓦戈醫生》來。讀者讀到這裡未免產生疑竇:大躍進年代一個中國教師竟敢給身在美國紐約的叔叔寫信,並請他給寄一本在蘇聯受到嚴厲批判的小 說。就算我一時頭腦發昏,可書能寄到嗎?那時不像今天,大陸也不同於臺灣,所以得解釋兩句。叔叔是上世紀二十年代赴法留學生,後滯留法國。一九四七年考入 聯合國秘書處任法語譯員。叔叔不問政治,與國共兩黨素無瓜葛。一九四九年叔叔回國探望長兄時,某機關請他寄科技書。書寄到我名下,我收到後給他們打電話, 讓他們來取。叔叔痛快地答應了,不斷給我寄科技書。我收到後給某機關打電話,他們立即來取。我就是在這種情況下向叔叔提出請求的。叔叔收到我請他寄《日瓦 戈醫生》的信後,便在科技書裡加了一本密西根大學出版的原文版《日瓦戈醫生》。封面是烈火焚燒一棵果實累累的蘋果樹。我翻閱了一下,覺得難懂,便放下了。 那時我尚不知道詩人寫的小說不好讀,也不知道帕斯捷爾納克是未來派的著名詩人。不久,中國報刊緊隨蘇聯開始批判《日瓦戈醫生》。《日瓦戈醫生》在中國也成 為一本反動的書。但我敢斷定,那時中國沒有人讀過《日瓦戈醫生》,包括寫批判文章的人。蘇聯讀過《日瓦戈醫生》的也不過西蒙諾夫等寥寥數人,連黨魁赫魯雪 夫也沒讀過,所以後來他才說:如果讀過《日瓦戈醫生》就不會發動批判帕斯捷爾納克的運動了。
光陰荏苒,數年後我已調離青島,在花樣翻新的政治運動中沉浮。感謝命運的眷顧,在一次次運動中都僥倖漏網,但終於沒逃過「文革」一劫,被紅衛兵小將揪出 來,關入牛棚。關入牛棚的人都有被抄家的危險。我家裡沒有「四舊」,藏書也不多,較為珍貴的是一套十九世紀俄文版的《果戈里選集》。抄就抄了吧,雖心疼, 但不至於惹麻煩。可《日瓦戈醫生》可能惹事。燒了吧,捨不得,留著吧,擔心害怕。我和內子多次商量怎?處理這本書。我推斷紅衛兵未必聽說過這本書,斷然決 定:把《日瓦戈醫生》夾在俄文版的馬列書籍當中,擺在最顯眼的地方,紅衛兵不會搜查。事實證明我的判斷是正確的,紅衛兵果然沒搜查馬列書籍,《日瓦戈醫 生》保住了。
上世紀八十年代初,我開始為人民文學出版社翻譯俄國作家庫普林的作品,常到出版社去,與編輯熟了。那時譯者與編輯的關係是朋友關係,不是利害關係。沒事也 可以到編輯部喝杯茶,聊聊天。大概是一九八三年五月的一天,我又到編輯部喝茶,聽見一位編輯正在高談闊論。他說世界上根本沒有俄文版的《日瓦戈醫生》,只 有義大利文版的。其他文字的版本都是從義大利文轉譯的。他的武斷口吻令我不快,我對他說:「不見得吧!有俄文版本。」他反問我:「你見過?」我說:「不但 見過,而且我還有俄文版的《日瓦戈醫生》呢。」我的話一出口,編輯部的人都驚訝不已。著名翻譯家、外文部主任蔣路說:「你真有?」我說:「你們不信,明天 拿來給你們看。」第二天我把書帶去,大家都看到了。蔣路當場拍板:「你來翻譯,我們出版。」其實我沒動過翻譯《日瓦戈醫生》的念頭。因為我已經粗粗翻閱 過,覺得文字艱深,比屠格涅夫、契訶夫的文字難懂得多。我說:「我一個人翻譯不了,還得請人。」蔣路說:「你自己找合作者吧。」我請人民教育出版社的老編 輯張秉衡先生合譯,張先生慨然允諾。沒簽合同,只有口頭協定,我和張先生便動手翻譯《日瓦戈醫生》。可以說翻譯這本書是打賭打出來的。
一動手就嘗到帕斯捷爾納克的厲害了。這位先生寫得太細膩,一片樹葉,一滴露珠都要寫出詩意。再加上獨特的想像力,意識流,超越故事情節的抒懷,翻譯起來十 分困難。但既然答應了,已無退路,只好硬著頭皮譯下去。進度自然快不了,不覺到了一九八三年底。出版社的一位室主任忽然把我叫到出版社。他沒問翻譯進度, 開口就談清除精神污染運動。什?人道主義呀,異化呀,我們大家都要好好學習呀。他的話我已經在報刊上讀過。我問他《日瓦戈醫生》還譯不譯。他沒回答,又重 複了剛才說過的話。我理解他如說不譯就等於出版社毀約,毀約要支付相應補償。他不說譯,實際上就是不準備出版了。我把自己的想法告訴張先生,我們停筆了。
當時我並不瞭解何謂「清除精神污染運動」,只把它當成一次普通運動;首先想到的是自己有沒有「精神污染」。我覺得沒有,如有就是翻譯這本「反動」小說。我 還得介紹一下來去匆匆的「清除精神污染運動」,不然大陸以外的人不清楚是怎?回事。簡單說是中共理論界兩位頂尖人物甲和乙爭風吃醋。一九八三年三月為紀念 馬克思誕辰一百周年,頂尖人物乙作了一個《人道主義與異化問題》的報告。第一次談到政黨的異化問題。這也是馬克思的觀點,在理論上沒有問題。報告反映不 錯,引起頂尖人物甲的嫉妒,因為報告不是他作的。甲把乙的「異化」與吉拉斯的《新階級》聯繫在一起。吉拉斯是南斯拉夫共產黨的領導人,鐵托的副手。吉拉斯 因提出民選政府的建議與鐵托決裂,一九四七年他寫了《新階級》,談的也是異化問題。《新階級》的主要論點是:共產黨原來是無產階級先鋒隊,但社會主義國家 的共產黨已經「異化」為官僚特權的「新階級」。一九六三年世界知識出版社出版供批判用的《新階級》的中譯本。乙是否看過不得而知,但看這本書並不困難,連 我都看過,像乙那樣地位的人看這類書易如反掌。但乙的觀點絕非吉拉斯的觀點。把乙的報告說成宣傳吉拉斯的觀點必然引起最高領導人的震怒,於是便有了無疾而 終的「清除精神污染」運動。
出版社不催我們,我們就不譯了。但十二月的一天,人民文學出版社的副總編輯帶著三個編輯突然造訪寒舍。副總編輯一進門就找掛曆,在某月某日下劃了個勾,對 我說這天《日瓦戈醫生》必須交稿,人民文學出版社要在全國第一個出版。我一聽傻眼了,離他規定的時間僅有一個多月,我們能譯完嗎?副總編輯接著說,每天下 午有人來取稿,我們採取流水作業,責編已經下印刷廠了。我和張先生像上了弦似地幹起來,每天工作十幾小時,苦不堪言。下午五點左右編輯來取稿,總笑嘻嘻地 說:「我來取今天的譯稿。」一個月後《日瓦戈醫生》果然出版,創造了出版史上的奇蹟。出版社為了獎勵我們,付給我們最高稿酬:千字十四元人民幣。後來各地 出版社再版的都是這個本子。每次見到再版的《日瓦戈醫生》我都有幾分羞愧,因為譯文是趕出來的,蓬首垢面就同讀者見面了。我一直想重譯,但重譯《日瓦戈醫 生》是件繁重的工作,我心有餘悸,猶豫不決。二○一二年北京十月出版社提出出版《日瓦戈醫生》,我決定趁此機會重譯全書,不再用張先生的譯文。張先生是老 知識份子,國學基礎深厚,但與我的文風不完全一致。這裡不存在譯文優劣問題,只想全書譯文保持一致。第十七章日瓦戈詩作,我請谷羽先生翻譯,谷羽先生是翻 譯俄蘇詩歌的佼佼者。我每天以一千字左右的速度翻譯,不能說新譯文比舊譯文強多少,但不是趕出來的,而是譯出來的。臺灣遠流出版社願意出版繁體字本,我很 感激。遠流出版社提議把《日瓦戈醫生》改譯為《齊瓦哥醫生》。既然臺灣讀者已經習慣《齊瓦哥醫生》,約定俗成,我當然尊重,入鄉隨俗嘛。
帕斯捷爾納克出身於知識份子家庭,父親是畫家,曾為文豪托爾斯泰的小說《復活》畫過插圖。母親是鋼琴家,深受著名作曲家魯賓斯坦喜愛。帕斯捷爾納克不僅對 文學藝術有精湛的理解,還精通英、德、法等三國語言。他與來自工農兵的作家自然格格不入。蘇聯內戰結束後莫斯科湧現出許多文學團體,如拉普、冶煉場、山隘 派、列夫、謝拉皮翁兄弟等。帕斯捷爾納克與這些團體從無往來。他們也看不起帕斯捷爾納克。從高爾基算起,蘇聯作協領導人沒有一個喜歡帕斯捷爾納克的。高爾 基不喜歡他,批評他的詩晦澀難懂,裝腔作勢,沒有反映現實;帕斯捷爾納克也不喜歡高爾基,但高爾基對他仍然關心。關心俄國知識份子,幫他們解決實際困難, 這是高爾基的偉大功績。帕斯捷爾納克依然我行我素,自鳴清高,孤芳自賞。但因為他為人坦誠,仍贏得不少作家的信任。
一九三四年八月蘇聯召開第一次作家代表大會。不知為何布爾什維克領導人布哈林竟把不受人愛戴的帕斯捷爾納克樹立為蘇聯詩人榜樣,而那時他只出過一本詩集 《生活啊,我的姊妹》。樹立帕斯捷爾納克為詩人榜樣,拉普等成員自然不服,但史達林默認了。史達林所以容忍帕斯捷爾納克,是因為他從不拉幫結夥,不會對史 達林構成威脅。第二年,帕斯捷爾納克「詩人榜樣」的地位,被死去的馬雅可夫斯基代替了。
有兩件事表明帕斯捷爾納克狷介耿直的性格。一九三三年十一月詩人曼德爾施塔姆因寫了一首諷刺史達林的詩而被逮捕。女詩人阿赫瑪托娃和帕斯捷爾納克分頭營 救。帕斯捷爾納克找到布哈林,布哈林立刻給史達林寫信,信中提到「帕斯捷爾納克也很著急!」那時帕斯捷爾納克住在公共住宅,全住宅只有一部電話。一天帕斯 捷爾納克忽然接到史達林從克里姆林宮打來的電話。史達林告訴他將重審曼德爾施塔姆的案子。史達林問他為什?不營救自己的朋友?為營救自己的朋友,他,史達 林,敢翻牆破門。帕斯捷爾納克回答,如果他不營救,史達林未必知道這個案子,儘管他同曼德爾施塔姆談不上朋友。史達林問他為什?不找作協。帕斯捷爾納克說 作協已經不起作用。帕斯捷爾納克說他想和史達林談談。史達林問談什?,帕斯捷爾納克說談生與死的問題,史達林掛上電話。但這個電話使帕斯捷爾納克身價倍 增。公共住宅的鄰居見到他點頭哈腰;出入作協,有人為他脫大衣穿大衣;在作協食堂請人吃飯,作協付款。另一件事是帕斯捷爾納克拒絕在一份申請書上簽名。一 九三七年夏天,大清洗期間,某人奉命到作家協會書記處徵集要求處決圖哈切夫斯基、亞基爾和埃德曼等紅軍將帥的簽名。帕斯捷爾納克與這幾位紅軍將帥素無往 來,但知道他們是內戰時期聞名遐邇的英雄。圖哈切夫斯基是蘇聯五大元帥之一,曾在南方、烏拉爾地區與白軍作戰,亞基爾和埃德曼是內戰時期的傳奇英雄,為布 爾什維克最終奪取政權立下汗馬功勞。現在要槍斃他們,並且要徵集作家們的簽名。作家們紛紛簽名,帕斯捷爾納克卻拒絕簽名。帕斯捷爾納克說,他們的生命不是 我給予的,我也無權剝奪他們的生命。作協書記斯塔夫斯基批評帕斯捷爾納克固執,缺乏黨性。但集體簽名信《我們決不讓蘇聯敵人活下去》發表後,上面竟有帕斯 捷爾納克的名字。帕斯捷爾納克大怒,找斯塔夫斯基解釋,斯塔夫斯基說可能登記時弄錯了,但帕斯捷爾納克不依不饒。事情最終還是不了了之。
帕斯捷爾納克是多情種子,談他的生平離不開女人。這裡只能重點介紹一位與《日瓦戈醫生》有關的女友伊文斯卡婭。帕斯捷爾納克的妻子季娜伊達是理家能手,但 不理解帕斯捷爾納克的文學創作,兩人在文學創作上無法溝通。此刻伊文斯卡婭出現了。一九四六年他們在西蒙諾夫主編的《新世界》編輯部邂逅。伊文斯卡婭是編 輯還是西蒙諾夫的秘書說法不一。伊文斯卡婭是帕斯捷爾納克的崇拜者,讀過他所有的作品。帕斯捷爾納克欣賞伊文斯卡婭的文學鑒賞力和她的容貌、體型、風度。 兩人相愛了。帕斯捷爾納克的一切出版事宜都由她代管,因為妻子季娜伊達沒有這種能力。
戰後帕斯捷爾納克的詩作再次受到作協批評。作協書記蘇爾科夫批評他視野狹窄,詩作沒有迎合戰後國民經濟恢復時期的主旋律。帕斯捷爾納克的詩作無處發表,他 只好轉而翻譯莎士比亞和歌德的作品以維持生活。戰後他開始寫《日瓦戈醫生》。寫好一章就讀給丘科夫斯基等好友聽,也在伊文斯卡婭寓所讀給她的朋友們聽。帕 斯捷爾納克寫《日瓦戈醫生》的事傳到作協。作協為阻止他繼續寫《日瓦戈醫生》,於一九四九年十月把伊文斯卡婭送進監獄,罪名是夥同《星火》雜誌副主編?造 委託書。帕斯捷爾納克明知此事與伊文斯卡婭無關,但無力拯救她,便繼續寫《日瓦戈醫生》以示抗議。伊文斯卡婭在監獄中受盡折磨,在繁重的勞動中流產了。這 是她與帕斯捷爾納克的孩子。伊文斯卡婭一九五三年被釋放。帕斯捷爾納克的一切出版事宜仍由她承擔。一九五六年帕斯捷爾納克完成《日瓦戈醫生》,伊文斯卡婭 把手稿送給《新世界》雜誌和文學出版社。《新世界》否定小說,由西蒙諾夫和費定寫退稿信,嚴厲譴責小說的反蘇和反人民的傾向。文學出版社也拒絕出版小說。 一九五七年義大利出版商、義共黨員費爾特里內利通過伊文斯卡婭讀到手稿,非常欣賞。他把手稿帶回義大利,準備翻譯出版。費爾特里內利回國前與帕斯捷爾納克 洽商出版小說事宜,後者提出必須先在蘇聯國內出版才能在國外出版。伊文斯卡婭再次找蘇聯出版機構洽商,懇求出刪節本,把礙眼的地方刪去,但仍遭拒絕。蘇聯 意識形態掌門人蘇斯洛夫勒令帕斯捷爾納克以修改小說為名要回手稿。帕斯捷爾納克按蘇斯洛夫的指示做了,但義大利出版商費爾特里內利拒絕退稿。費爾特里內利 是義共黨員。蘇斯洛夫飛到羅馬,請義共總書記陶里亞蒂助一臂之力。哪知費爾特里內利搶先一步退黨,陶里亞蒂無能為力。費爾特里內利一九五七年出版了義大利 文譯本,接著歐洲又出版了英、德、法文譯本。《日瓦戈醫生》成為一九五八年西方的暢銷書,但在蘇聯卻是一片罵聲。報刊罵他是因為蘇斯洛夫丟了面子。群?罵 是因為領導罵,但誰也沒讀過《日瓦戈醫生》。帕斯捷爾納克的不少作家同仁不同他打招呼。妻子季娜伊達嚇得膽戰心驚。只有伊文斯卡婭堅決支援帕斯捷爾納克, 安慰他說小說遲早會被祖國人民接受,並把一切責任攬在自己身上。伊文斯卡婭與帕斯捷爾納克不僅情投意合,而且還是事業上的絕好搭檔。
蘇斯洛夫把伊文斯卡婭招到蘇共中央,讓她交代帕斯捷爾納克與義大利出版商的關係。伊文斯卡婭一口咬定手稿是她交給義大利出版商看的,與帕斯捷爾納克無關。 蘇斯洛夫召見伊文斯卡婭後,對帕斯捷爾納克的批判升級。無知青年在帕斯捷爾納克住宅周圍騷擾,日夜不得安寧。伊文斯卡婭找到費定,請他轉告中央,如果繼續 騷擾帕斯捷爾納克,她便和帕斯捷爾納克雙雙自殺。這一招很靈驗,但只持續到一九五八年十月二十三日。
十月二十三日這一天,瑞典文學院把一九五八年度諾貝爾文學獎授予帕斯捷爾納克,以表彰他在「當代抒情詩和偉大的俄羅斯敘述文學領域所取得的巨大成就」。隻 字未提《日瓦戈醫生》。帕斯捷爾納克也向瑞典文學院發電報表示感謝:「無比感激、激動、光榮、惶恐、羞愧。」當晚帕斯捷爾納克的兩位作家鄰居,丘科夫斯基 和伊萬諾夫到帕斯捷爾納克家祝賀。次日清晨第三位鄰居、作協領導人費定來找帕斯捷爾納克,叫他立即聲明拒絕諾貝爾獎,否則將被開除出作家協會。費定叫帕斯 捷爾納克到他家去,宣傳部文藝處處長卡爾波夫正在那裡等候他。帕斯捷爾納克不肯到費定家去,暈倒在家裡。帕斯捷爾納克甦醒過來馬上給作協寫信:「任何力量 也無法迫使我拒絕別人給與我的--一個生活在俄羅斯的當代作家的,即蘇聯作家的榮譽。但諾貝爾獎金我將轉贈蘇聯保衛和平委員會。我知道在輿論壓力下必定會 提出開除我作家協會會籍的問題。我並未期待你們公正對待我。你們可以槍斃我,將我流放,你們什麼事都幹得出來。我預先寬恕你們。」帕斯捷爾納克態度堅決, 決不拒絕領獎。但他與伊文斯卡婭通過電話後,態度完全變了。他給瑞典文學院拍了一份電報:「鑒於我所歸屬的社會對這種榮譽的解釋,我必須拒絕接受授予我 的、我本不配獲得的獎金。勿因我自願拒絕而不快。」他同時給黨中央發電報:「恢復伊文斯卡婭的工作,我已拒絕接受獎金。」但一切為時已晚矣。在團中央第一 書記謝米恰斯內的煽動下,一群人砸碎帕斯捷爾納克住宅的玻璃,高呼把帕斯捷爾納克驅逐出境的口號。直到印度總理尼赫魯給赫魯雪夫打電話,聲稱如果不停止迫 害帕斯捷爾納克,他將擔任保衛帕斯捷爾納克委員會主席,迫害才終止。
一九六○年帕斯捷爾納克與世長辭,他的訃告上寫的是「蘇聯文學基金會會員」,官方連他是詩人和作家都不承認了。
《日瓦戈醫生》的主題簡單說,是俄國知識份子在社會變革風浪的大潮中沉浮與死亡。時間跨度從一九○五年革命、第一次世界大戰、十月政變、內戰一直到新經濟 政策。俄國知識分子個人的命運不同,有的流亡國外,有的留在國內,留在國內的遭遇都很悲慘。我簡單介紹日瓦戈、拉拉等幾位主要人物。尤里.日瓦戈父親是大 資本家,但到他這一代已破產。日瓦戈借住在格羅梅科教授家,與教授女兒東妮婭一起長大,後兩人結為夫妻。日瓦戈醫學院畢業後到軍隊服役,參加了第一次世界 大戰。他看到俄軍落後、野蠻、不堪一擊。他支援二月革命,並不理解十月政變,卻讚歎道:「多麼了不起的手術!巧妙的一刀就把多年發臭的潰瘍切除了!」「這 是前所未有的事,這是歷史的奇蹟……」但十月政變後的形勢使他難以忍受。首先是饑餓。布爾什維克不組織生產糧食,也不從國外進口糧食,而是掠奪農民的糧 食。徵糧隊四處徵糧,激起農民的反抗。其他產品也不是生產,而是強制再分配。其次是沒有柴火,隆冬天氣不生火難以過冬。一個精緻的衣櫥只能換回一捆劈柴。 格羅梅科住宅大部分被強佔。他們一家在莫斯科活不下去了。日瓦戈同父異母弟弟勸他們離開城市到農村去。他們遷往西伯利亞尤里亞金市附近的瓦雷金諾,那是東 妮婭外祖父克呂格爾先前的領地。過起日出而作日入而息的日子。日瓦戈被布爾什維克遊擊隊劫持,給遊擊隊當醫生。他看到遊擊隊員野蠻兇殘,隊長吸食毒品,於 是逃出遊擊隊尋找摯愛的女友拉拉。他妻子一家被驅逐出境。他從西伯利亞千里跋涉重返莫斯科,一九二八年猝死在莫斯科街頭。
拉拉是俄國傳統婦女的典型,命蹇時乖,慘死在婦女勞改營中。她是縫紉店主的女兒,但與意志薄弱、水性楊花的母親完全不同。拉拉追求完美,但上中學時被母親 情人科馬羅夫斯基誘姦,醒悟後決定殺死科馬羅夫斯基。拉拉嫁給工人出身的安季波夫,兩人一起離開莫斯科到西伯利亞中學執教。安季波夫知道拉拉的遭遇後,立 志為天下被侮辱和被損害的人復仇。他?開妻子女兒加入軍隊,後轉為紅軍。安季波夫作戰勇敢,很快升為高級軍官,為布爾什維克打天下出生入死,立下汗馬功 勞。但隨著紅軍的節節勝利,紅軍將領安季波夫反而陷入絕境。布爾什維克始終不相信他,又因為他知道的事太多,必須除掉他。安季波夫東躲西藏,終於開槍自 殺。他死了,拉拉已無活路,最後被科馬羅夫斯基誘騙到遠東共和國。
暴力革命毀壞了社會生活,使歷史倒退。作者筆下內戰後的情景十分恐怖:「斑疹傷寒在鐵路沿線和附近地區肆虐,整村整村的人被奪去生命。現實證實了一句話: 人不為己天誅地滅。行人遇見行人互相躲避,一方必須殺死另一方,否則被對方殺死。個別地方已經發生人吃人的現象。人類文明法則完全喪失作用……」在帕斯捷 爾納克看來,那場革命是一切不幸的根源,內戰使歷史倒退,倒退到洪荒年代。
2014年俄文完整中文譯本首次出版,最新且唯一俄文直譯繁體中文版。 195...
taaze.tw

2008年7月3日 星期四

許常惠先生說起拼音法

由於台灣或非屬中國的國家的人的羅馬字母拼音未標準化,所以應採用傳主使用的拼音法為優先,以利國際查詢;必要時再加上其他拼法。

譬如說 我本人採用 han-ching chung 可能用 hanqing zhong根本找不到我

又,張大千等人也如此。今天碰到:

Tsang-Houei Hsu Culture and Art Foundation 許常惠文化藝術基金會

Xu Changhui1929.09.26-2001.01.01 國立中山大學人文社會科學中心計畫

Khó͘ Siông-hūi (許常惠) WIKI 的閩南語 Bân-lâm-gú

2008年7月2日 星期三

Miyako Yoshida (ballet dancer)

YouTube - Miyako Yoshida dances excerpt from Symphonic ...


Japanese conquers British ballet scene

BY AYAKO KARINO, CONTRIBUTING WRITER

2008/6/13


Back in 1983, a 17-year-old Japanese girl traveled alone to London to train at the Royal Ballet. A decade later, she found herself at the top of one of the world's most prestigious ballet companies.

"Initially I thought I'd only be there for a year," Miyako Yoshida said in a recent interview in Tokyo. "You never know where life will take you."

Over the past 20 years, Yoshida has secured her place in the hearts of uncounted British ballet fans.

A principal dancer with the Royal Ballet since 1995, she is known for her crisp and accurate technique as well as for her fairy-like aura.

Last year, she won the Richard Sherrington Award for Best Female Dancer given by the National Dance Award Critic's Circle and was appointed to the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.

"I'm encouraged to learn that British people have been paying attention to my efforts over the years," Yoshida said.

Yoshida picked up ballet at 9, a relatively late start, but she was actually first attracted to it as a 4-year-old.

"I saw my kindergarten friend dance ballet on stage, and I was immediately taken with its dream-like world, its glitter and its costumes," Yoshida recalled.

She begged her parents for ballet lessons, but it was not until five years later that she first put on a pair of ballet slippers, taking lessons once a week at a nearby studio in Kunitachi, western Tokyo.

Eventually, she danced five days a week. At 17, she competed at the Prix de Lausanne and won a year's scholarship to train at the Royal Ballet School.

But her first overseas experience was difficult, Yoshida recalled.

"The weather was bad, the food was bad," she said. "Unlike Japan, people never tell you what to do, which was something I had to get used to in the beginning. I became terribly homesick."

Her inability to speak English didn't help either.

She seldom understood signs and notices written in English. This left her often feeling unsure of herself and what she should do, she said,

Then, after a year, things improved.

Peter Wright, a renowned choreographer and art director, recruited Yoshida for his Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet--now the Birmingham Royal Ballet.

"One day, he was at the Royal Ballet School to watch us dance," Yoshida said. "Everybody knew he was there to audition us, all except me. So I was able to relax and perform my usual ballet, while everyone else was nervous."

The following 11 years at Sadler's Wells, under Wright's supervision, saw Yoshida's abilities take a huge leap forward.

In a highly competitive environment, it took her only four years to be promoted to a principal dancer.

In 1995, she rejoined the Royal Ballet, this time, as a principal.

At 42, Yoshida is still as vibrant as ever, serving as principal guest artist at both the Royal Ballet and Japan's K-Ballet, led by a former colleague at the Royal Ballet, Tetsuya Kumakawa.

"Very few people have seen me dance at home, which is something I regret," Yoshida said. The dancer has been based in Japan since 2006. "I've never forgotten my Japanese identity, although I've grown to love England. The people there are very straightforward and there's a great responsibility to carry forward, but I like that."

Since her appointment as a UNESCO Artist for Peace in 2004, she's committed herself to helping children in developing countries learn about ballet.

Also, Yoshida occasionally teaches at summer schools in both England and Japan.

"I'm more than happy if I can encourage Japanese youngsters to tackle the challenges the world offers," Yoshida said.

* * *

Ballet shoes and tutus custom decorated by top international dancers and other celebrities are on display through Sunday at Beauty & Youth United Arrows' Shibuya Koen-dori outlet. Ballet shoe company Repetto and UNESCO will jointly auction off the items in October in Paris. The proceeds are used to open dance schools in Cuba, South Africa and Brazil.(IHT/Asahi: June 13,2008)

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