Robert De Niro: In Conversation

電影

羅伯特·德尼羅訪談：這傢伙不只是表演

A. O. SCOTT 報道 2013年01月30日

Alex Prager for The New York Times

對我們這一代人而言，羅伯特·德尼羅(Robert De Niro)理所當然是他那一代人中最優秀的電影演員。20世紀70年代和80年代初沉迷於電影的青少年，必定會在他們易受影響的年齡階段，實時目睹德尼羅 那些將會受到膜拜的不朽之作。“這傢伙不只是表演——他演得出神入化，”波琳·凱爾(Pauline Kael)在評論《窮街陋巷》(Mean Streets)時說。這倒不是說德尼羅演得很空靈，很抽象，而是他每一次扮演新角色時，都把自己轉化成了那個角色——無論是在肢體上、說話方式上，還是 心理上。而且在這個過程中，德尼羅重建了表演藝術——就在我們的眼前。
曾經有一段時間，德尼羅似乎無處不在，每一部電影中都以一個新的形象出現。我有這樣的印象，可能是因為我追看電影的時候恰逢他演藝生涯中一個鼎盛 期，而且當時也是音像店以及播放經典老片的影院雙雙蓬勃發展的黃金時代。無論如何，我都記得——而且仍然珍視——他在很多影片中的表演，比如伊利亞·卡贊 (Elia Kazan)的改編影片《最後的大亨》(The Last Tycoon)，貝納多·貝托魯奇(Bernardo Bertolucci)導演的《1900》(1900)，還有《巴西》(Brazil)，《喜劇之王》(The King of Comedy)，《紐約，紐約》(New York, New York)……至少還有十幾部電影，我在這裡就不再一一列舉，考驗讀者的耐心了。

不過我得承認，在不久前的一個星期六的下午，當我採訪德尼羅時，為了避免像激動的粉絲一樣報出他最著名的電影角色，從而浪費我和他在一起的寶貴時 間，我用盡了我全部的專業自制力。哦，我的上帝，你是傑克·拉莫塔(Jake LaMotta)！你是約翰尼·波依(Johnny Boy)！你是特拉維斯·比克爾(Travis Bickle)！我在跟你說話。
但是，對於年輕的一代觀眾來說，他最出名的角色是傑克·伯恩斯(Jack Byrnes)——《拜見岳父大人》(Fockers)系列中本·斯蒂勒(Ben Stiller)的那位難以取悅的岳父。就像一系列動作片和犯罪片中可靠的正劇角色一樣，他的一些喜劇角色（但不是全部）也非常好。說德尼羅的巔峰期已經 過去會顯得很時髦，但懷舊是一種壞習慣，縱觀過去40年的電影史，你會發現德尼羅從未懈怠，減少拍片，或是隱退過，而是年復一年地參與電影拍攝，至始至終 保持認真的態度和對細節的關注。
所以我們不要把德尼羅的新電影，《烏雲背後的幸福線》(Silver Linings Playbook)，稱作是復出或重振旗鼓。他一直都在拍戲，大多數時候處於最佳狀態。《烏雲背後的幸福線》改編自馬修·奎克(Matthew Quick)的同名小說，由大衛·O·羅素(David O. Russell)導演；這是一部天馬行空的喜劇片，相當特別——德尼羅仍然扮演一位難以取悅付的父親，但不羈、有趣、感人。這個角色名叫老帕特·索里塔諾 (Pat Solitano Sr.)，是費城老鷹隊的狂熱球迷，由於自己的反覆無常和兒子（布萊德利·庫珀[Bradley Cooper]扮演）不穩定的情緒，他的家庭和睦之夢難以實現。
在表現令人不安的沉默和平靜的威懾力方面，德尼羅是無以倫比的大師，但老帕特·索里塔諾這個角色提醒我們，他也可以是機敏的喜劇演員和喋喋不休的話 嘮。當然，那是指在屏幕上。記者圈裡流傳的說法是，他有時極端沉默，而且不太喜歡作為名人接受採訪。在德尼羅位於翠貝卡的辦公室里，我採訪了他。在非工作 期間，影星們通常會在記者面前表現得輕鬆隨和，但德尼羅沒有擺出這種默認姿態。他坐在真皮大座椅里，腳踩着地板，雙手平放在扶手上，對我提出的問題，他並 不總是迅速或輕鬆地給出回答。這情形就像是在工作。
為什麼不該是這樣呢？德尼羅的表演方式十分明顯地體現在他出演過的將近百部電影中，其中沒有一個方面會讓任何人指望他給出滑頭的評論或現成的答案， 那不是我尋求的東西，我也不想窺見“真實的”特拉維斯·比克爾、傑克·伯恩斯、老帕特·索里塔諾或是他扮演過的任何其他角色。但是我想知道他們來自何方， 或者更準確地說，他們是如何成型的。我在尋找線索，在追逐出神入化，我對“跟一個演員談他的工作”這項工作感興趣。
問：我們就從《烏雲背後的幸福線》以及你跟大衛·羅素的合作談起吧。這次合作是怎麼開始的呢？
答：我以前認識大衛，看過他拍的一兩部電影。後來我看了他拍的《鬥士》(The Fighter)，覺得非常棒。然後就有了這次合作，我不記得自己在讀劇本之前是否讀過原著小說——但無論怎樣，大衛顯然做了改動。小說很有趣，這個角色 也很有趣，但跟大衛電影里的人物正好相反。
問：怎麼會這樣呢？
答：他更加——在書中，這個角色非常沉默寡言，總是待在自己的房間里。他仍然是狂熱的球迷，但他總是回到自己的房間里，不會再出來。這是一個很出彩的角色，只不過跟電影中完全不一樣。我演的角色反過來了——或者說是翻轉過來了。
問：這部電影的一個精彩之處，就是你跟雅基·韋弗(Jacki Weaver)和布萊德利·庫珀在一塊兒時，家裡那種節奏，那種混亂的感覺。就是感覺，在任何時候，事情都可能朝任何方向發展；可能是有趣的方向，也可能是可怕的方向。
答：大衛的導演風格很不尋常。攝像機在你周圍四處移動，他會把攝像機推向這個角色，推向那個角色。他會說幾句台詞給你聽，然後讓你重複，我不介意這 種拍攝方式，我覺得這樣很好。這是一種獨特的工作方式，直接了當，自然不刻意，你必須跟着感覺走。大衛很了解整個混亂狀況。這是他的瘋狂 (meshugas)的一個方面——我不想用meshugas這個詞，但也許就是這樣。他有那種瘋狂，但是瘋得很可愛。
問：我把這個角色和你近來在其他一些電影中扮演的角色做了個比較，似乎你最近扮演的角色中有好幾個都是父親。
答：我以後還會扮演祖父，如果我運氣好，還能站得起來的話，我還會演曾祖父。
問：看着你在《烏雲背後的幸福線》中演的老帕特·索里塔諾，把他跟你最近在另一部電影《成為弗林》(Being Flynn)中扮演的喬納森·弗林(Jonathan Flynn)做比較，非常有趣。我覺得你的弗林演得很棒，跟老帕特·索里塔諾完全不一樣。
答：這是同一個主題的其中一種情形——主題是父親對某些東西感到後悔。很多父母都是這樣：他們對一些事情感到後悔。如果寫得好，就會很出彩，值得用電影表現出來。
問：當你看到《烏雲背後的幸福線》中老帕特·索里塔諾這個角色時，你想過用哪些具體的方式來表現那種後悔的心情嗎？
答：在《烏雲背後的幸福線》中，我沒有想過——我當時想過一些事情，但我跟自己說，“跟着感覺走就好”。你必須知道你在做什麼，知道你在這些場景中要表現什麼，我在這些方面付出了極大的努力。但與此同時，在拍攝的時候，你也要為各種情況做好準備。
問：顯然你跟很多不同的導演拍過很多電影。你有時候會加入自己對角色的想法嗎？
答：在我參演電影的時候，我就已經決定要跟導演們合作了，所以我們對各自的分工有一種共識。我不會參與冗長繁瑣的角色討論——我們要這樣，還是那 樣，還是怎樣。無論如何，我必須做的事情就是到攝像機前面去把它演出來。導演聘用你、選擇你來扮演這個角色，所以也會尊重你的表演。
問：所以不同的風格不會讓你感到困惑？像大衛·羅素那樣的即興風格呢？
答：我能理解大衛的風格。但如果一個導演讓你演一些傻傻的，你無法共鳴，也無法從任何層面上理解的東西，那就會有問題了。我力圖不讓自己陷入那種境地。
問：你當導演的時候，從另一面來看這件事，又會是怎樣呢？
答：我總覺得，你必須非常、非常——無論演員做什麼，他們都不會犯錯。他們必須有那樣的感覺，才能去嘗試他們想嘗試的任何東西。即使某個想法不正 確，那也沒有關係。也許我們會使用這個想法的某些部分。那沒有關係，按你的想法試一遍，再按我的想法試一遍，然後我們決定下來，或者之後我再決定，哪一種 是最好的。有時你這樣做只是為了讓那個人表達自己的想法。我自己就會這麼做。我會試一遍，把它表達出來，然後我意識到這個想法可能並不正確，但我表達了自 己的想法。
問：在你更年輕的時候，剛開始成名的時候，情況是怎樣的？你跟一些當時同樣年輕的導演合作，比如馬丁·斯科塞斯(Martin Scorsese)和貝納多·貝托魯奇，他們是你的同齡人。
答：我現在歲數大一些了，更有經驗了，所以我不會被導演攪得心煩意亂。這種情況基本上不會發生。這當然不是因為我覺得自己很了不起，而是因為這是常 識。但我年輕的時候，更容易為某些事情感到緊張。在跟貝納多合作時，他有時候會顯得——我覺得他是歐洲人，他們有一些特別的要求。
問：你能舉個例子嗎？
答：在拍《1900》的時候，第一天我們就拍人物老年階段的戲，我覺得這有問題 ——這樣拍行不通，誰也不入戲。當時我身在異國他鄉，和我非常喜歡的這位導演坐在一塊兒，我不記得當時我是怎麼說的了，但大概是說“我們拍到哪兒了？”如 果我多想一下的話，我可能會說，“我們能不能晚一點再拍這場戲，不要在第一天就拍？”我知道做事情不應該這麼混亂無序。但我沒有反對，我記得那件事，那樣 拍確實行不通。
問：斯科塞斯呢，你們合作拍了一些很成功的電影。最開始合作時，你們兩個都還很年輕。回頭來看，魯珀特·帕普金(Rupert Pupkin)和特拉維斯·比克爾之間有一些相同之處，但也有大相徑庭的地方。這些角色讓我看到了之前屏幕上從來沒有出現過的東西——一種對於全新的人物 類型的探索。
答：在拍《喜劇之王》的時候，我想這樣做，馬丁不太願意，但我們還是這樣做了。在我倆合作的時候，有時候會發生這種情況。我這麼做只是為了更好地合作。當時有個劇本——我不知道你是否了解這件事。
問：什麼事？
答：《喜劇之王》的劇本是保羅·齊默爾曼(Paul Zimmerman)寫的，但它還有另一個版本，是巴克·亨利(Buck Henry)寫的。我跟米洛斯·福爾曼(Milos Forman)[已被選定為亨利版本的導演]說：“我真的很喜歡原來那個版本，你不介意我去和馬丁拍那個版本吧？”我記得的情況就是這樣，也可能漏掉了一 些細節。我想拍齊默爾曼的版本。
問：我覺得這個角色是最迷人也是最可怕的人物之一。而且還有一種肢體上的變化，你的很多角色都是——不只是為了演拳擊手而去健身，或者是增加體重這樣的變化，而是姿態、塊頭和身材方面的整體變化，這種轉變對你扮演這些角色有多重要？
答：很重要，肢體非常重要。你的肢體動作會展示角色的整體身份。
問：因為《喜劇之王》和你最有名的那幾類角色之間還是存在很大差別的。
答：說到這個，馬丁、我，以及《喜劇之王》的服裝設計師迪克·布魯諾(Dick Bruno)，我們有一天去百老匯——那裡有一家出售百老匯演藝服飾的商店，就在“舞台餐廳”(Stage Deli)附近。店裡有些衣服很花哨，你現在也可以在拉斯維加斯看到那種衣服。這家小店裡有一個人體模型，它穿着西裝，戴着假髮和其他飾物，我們走進去選 衣服，我選了假人的髮型，說它非常合適。馬丁說很好，我們就這麼做。我們就是這麼開始的。
問：回頭來看，我覺得最讓我驚訝的事情之一，就是你一直這樣工作了40年。有個問題我非常好奇，我也問過斯科塞斯，布魯斯·斯普林斯廷(Bruce Springsteen)、梅麗爾·斯特里普(Meryl Streep)、伍迪·艾倫(Woody Allen)同樣的問題：你是如何堅持下來而且保持新鮮感的呢？
答：我喜歡演戲，非常喜歡。尤其是當你變老，開始意識到自己沒有那麼多時間的時候。你回顧過去，說“這15年過得可真快。”你不會懂這種感覺，直到 你到了這個歲數，回顧過去，說：“天啊，這些時間都到哪裡去了？”那時你才真的會懂。我知道我必須認真對待每一天，每一刻，每件事情，但時間仍然在飛逝。 所以現在，如果運氣好的話，我可能還有15年，或者20年的時間可以好好利用，我在考慮怎麼利用它們。
問：你打算導演更多的作品嗎？
答：我很喜歡當導演。我想跟埃里克·羅斯(Eric Roth)一起拍攝《特務風雲》（The Good Shepherd，[德尼羅2006年導演的電影，講述的是中情局的誕生過程]）的續集，現在我們正在把這個故事拍成電視劇，所以情況和電影不太一樣。電 視劇讓你有更充裕的時間，把戲拍得更加深入。但我之前的設想不是這樣的，因為這個故事很宏大，可以拍成一部電影。把它拍成電視劇當然我也願意，但我還是更 希望把它拍成一部電影。
問：拍第一部電影的時候感覺困難嗎？
答：我花了很長時間才拍完它，無論如何，籌集資金花了很長時間。這是一場非常、非常艱巨卓絕的戰鬥。我很敬重像馬丁這樣的人，和所有那些只當導演的 人——他們總是在戰鬥，不是為這件事，就是為那件事。每個人都會發表自己的意見，你總得聽取他們的意見，因為他們在你的電影里投了錢。我已經經歷過這種事 了，那是一場真正的戰鬥。有人說：你必須有點黑幫作風才能成事。你必須爭取你想要的東西，你必須聽取每個人的意見，然後在綜合考慮過各種因素後，你必須做 自己覺得正確的事情。
問：人們對電影業的變化議論紛紛，說它變好的也有，說它變壞的也有。你怎麼看呢？
答：動作電影、漫畫改編電影的興起是比較明顯的變化。就其本身來說，這類電影沒有什麼問題。我覺得是從《教父》(The Godfather)第一集和《大白鯊》(Jaws)開始，就有了票房大片的概念，它們為其他方面的變化拉開了序幕，演變成了今天的樣子。
問：你覺得這種變化阻礙了人們拍攝更多的個性化電影嗎？
答：你來回答這個問題可能會比我答得更好。從某些方面來說，很可能是這樣的。拍這樣的電影非常艱苦。要製作電影，你就要跟一家製片廠合作，由他們來 做發行工作，你從其他地方籌集到資金，然後把這些資金用在各個方面。我記得當年，如果你給製片廠拍電影，你負責拍好就行了。但現在你要打理很多事情。你要 去籌集資金，籌到資金之後，你還得尋找發行方——這讓人很惱火。
問：對演員和導演來說都是同樣困難嗎？
答：導演手頭變得更緊了，你需要在預算更緊的情況下拍戲。所以，我前面說過，為了能按自己的想法拍戲，馬丁每次都必須戰鬥，我非常尊重他。你要克服困難，無論你採取什麼樣的方法，有些時候你必須堅持自己的立場，有些時候你又必須讓步。但永遠不要做出你無法忍受的讓步。
問：很多人說，上世紀70年代才是個性化電影大行其道的年代。
答：每個人都這樣說，但我不這樣看。我們能夠拍攝那些電影，也籌到了拍攝資金，是因為我們運氣好。我覺得從某些方面來說，現在拍的個性化電影更多，演員的機會也更多。
問：你跟影評人的關係如何？你怎麼看他們對你的評價？
答：我想說的是，如果沒有影評人——即使他們可能讓你惱火，讓你心煩——如果沒有影評人，誰來告訴你拍得好不好呢？其他人是不會跟你說實話的。你拍 了一部電影，放給別人看，觀眾或者朋友永遠不會說不喜歡，因為他們站在你這一邊，他們知道你拍得很辛苦，因此他們一定會給出積極的評價。所以，真實的反饋 其實來自於影評人，尤其是優秀的影評人。
問：你從這些影評中了解到什麼東西了嗎？
答：是的，大約四年前，我讀到一篇影評，說的是我和帕西諾(Pacino)拍的一部電影，我們演兩個警察。影評人說我看上去像是腫起來了。我說他們沒看錯。我笑了起來。但那是我故意的，我增加了體重，因為那個角色是一名警察。這事兒很有趣。
問：你有沒有看過你以前的作品呢？
答：我一直想看——從我的第一部電影一直看到最近的一部。
問：有些演員們不這樣想，吉恩·哈克曼(Gene Hackman)就說過，一旦電影拍完，他就不想回頭再看了。
答：這個我能理解，我也有過這種感覺，但這取決於具體是哪部電影。
問：在拍攝過程中看樣片呢？
答：有些導演不希望演員看樣片，因為覺得這會讓演員緊張，其實他們不知道演員——其實事情不是那樣的。讓演員看樣片是一件好事。如果你看看監視器上 的回放，你可以清楚地看到你演得怎麼樣，哪些不是你想要的效果，你是不是得做一些調整。導演跟我說：“看看這個。”你馬上就會明白需要做些什麼調整。不過 我不喜歡看樣片。我會說：“只要告訴我你想要我怎麼做就行了，我相信你的判斷。”但是看樣片沒有任何壞處，只會對我有幫助。
問：你這樣想是因為現在經驗更加豐富了嗎？在演藝生涯的早期，情況是不是不一樣？
答：一樣的，我總是會看樣片。現在看得少一些了，但如果我想看，總是可以看得到。如果你看樣片，你就看到一些可以改進的地方，這樣你就不會每次都犯同樣的錯誤。就是這樣。
問：在回顧你的演藝生涯時，我發現你拍的喜劇片比我預想的多——我想人們可能有點低估了你的喜劇才能。但在《拜見岳父大人》這樣的電影中看到你時，我很想知道你演喜劇片的方式跟演劇情片是否有什麼不同。因為就拿《拜見岳父大人》來說，你演的角色顯然很拿自己當回事。
答：是的，表演的過程是不同的。有些時候，我喜歡演更微妙、更細緻、更複雜、更矛盾的角色，但演喜劇角色十分有趣。我不知道以後是不是還會演這種角色。
問：演員之間的互動也不一樣。你和本·斯蒂勒演對手戲時產生的火花是不同的。
答：是的。他的互動方式十分有趣。他什麼都不做，就能表達對我的角色和我們之間關係的意見。
問：你有時間看很多電影嗎？
答：我盡量多看。但是我看的電影遠遠沒有我應該看的多。別人給了我一些電影碟片，跟我說一定要看，我會盡量去看。好電影太多了。
問：你可以談談給你印象特別深的電影嗎？
答：我要先問你一件事——你看過《逃離德黑蘭》(Argo)嗎？這部電影怎麼樣？我很好奇。
問：《逃離德黑蘭》真的很不錯，我覺得本·阿弗萊克(Ben Affleck)導演得很好，緊湊、滑稽、懸疑感強，好萊塢式的情節中帶有一點《搖尾狗》(Wag the Dog)式的角度。
答：我看過的新電影里想不起什麼印象特別深的。《鬥士》我很喜歡。
問：你從小就喜歡電影嗎？
答：我喜歡的經典電影，蒙哥馬利·克利夫特(Montgomery Clift)和伊麗莎白·泰勒(Elizabeth Taylor)的《郎心似鐵》(A Place in the Sun)，詹姆斯·迪恩(James Dean) 的《伊甸園之東》(East of Eden)，還有馬龍·白蘭度(Brando)的電影，都很精彩。那個時候，你去洛伊斯(Loews)影院或本地的連鎖影院看電影。一張海報上有兩部電 影，中間是放映消息，沒別的了。但是現在有這麼多的電影。
問：你最早是什麼時候發現自己想當演員的，是怎樣發現的？
答：我最早想當演員，是在10歲左右，那時我每周六去演戲，大概有一年的時間，16歲時又演了一段時間，然後稍微停了一下，18歲半左右，我開始更認真地對待這件事了。
問：你第一次覺得你可能擅長演戲是在什麼時候？
答：大約18歲的時候，我當時在看一個電視節目——肥皂劇，或者每周一部的西部片——我跟自己說，這些演員演得並不是很好，如果他們都能靠這個謀 生，我不會比他們差到哪裡去。當時我沒有想着去西部片劇組找活兒干之類。後來當我更認真地考慮這件事時，我覺得自己可以在這方面發展，做一些事情。之前我 沒想過這些。但我記得在看那些黑白電視節目的時候，我是這麼跟自己說的。
問：你跟自己說，你可以演得比他們好。
答：是啊，可以比我當時看到的那些人好。

本文最初發表於2012年11月18日。
採訪經過縮減和編輯。
A.O. Scott是《紐約時報》首席電影評論。
編輯：Adam Sternbergh
 

 

Robert De Niro: In Conversation

By A. O. SCOTT January 30, 2013

 For a person of my generation, it pretty much goes without saying that Robert De Niro is the finest screen actor of his. To be a movie-besotted adolescent in the ’70s and early ’80s was to experience, in real time and at an impressionable age, performances that would go on to become icons and monuments. ‘‘This kid doesn’t just act — he takes off into the vapors,’’ wrote Pauline Kael in her review of ‘‘Mean Streets.’’ Not that there was anything airy or abstract about what he was doing, which was transforming himself — physically, vocally, psychologically — with each new role. And in the process, before our eyes, reinventing the art of acting.
There was a time when De Niro was everywhere, assuming a new shape in every film. Maybe it seems that way to me because my own catch-up viewing, in a golden moment when both video stores and revival houses flourished, coincided with an especially productive period in his career. In any case, I remember — and still treasure — De Niro in Elia Kazan’s adaptation of ‘‘The Last Tycoon,’’ in Bernardo Bertolucci’s ‘‘1900,’’ in ‘‘Brazil,’’ in ‘‘The King of Comedy’’ and ‘‘New York, New York’’ and, and, and . . . at least a dozen more movies that I won’t try your patience by listing here.

I confess, however, that it took all my professional discipline to resist squandering the time I spent with De Niro on a recent Saturday afternoon in a slack-jawed fanboy recitation of his greatest hits. Oh, my God, you’re Jake LaMotta! You’re Johnny Boy! You’re Travis Bickle! I’m talking to you.
To the younger generation, though, he is most recognizably Jack Byrnes, Ben Stiller’s impossible father-in-law in the ‘‘Fockers’’ franchise. And as the reliable heavy in a steady stream of action movies and crime dramas, some (but not all) of them quite good. It has become fashionable to suggest that De Niro’s best work is behind him. But nostalgia is a vice, and a survey of the last four decades of movie history reveals that De Niro has never slackened, diminished or gone away but has rather, year in and year out, amassed a body of work marked by a seriousness and attention to detail that was there from the start.
So let’s not herald his new movie, ‘‘Silver Linings Playbook,’’ as a comeback or a return to form. He has been here, more often than not in top form, the whole time. But ‘‘Silver Linings,’’ directed by David O. Russell and based on a novel by Matthew Quick, is nonetheless something special — an anarchic comedy in which De Niro plays a wild, funny and touching variation on the difficult-father theme. His character, Pat Solitano Sr., is a Philadelphia Eagles fanatic whose dream of domestic peace is undermined by his emotionally unstable son (Bradley Cooper) and his own volatility.
Pat Solitano is a reminder that De Niro, an unmatched master of brooding silence and quiet menace, can also be an agile comedian and a prodigious talker. On-screen, anyway. He has a reputation among journalists for sometimes extreme reticence, and the role of celebrity interview subject is not one he is known to relish. In our conversation, which took place in his TriBeCa office, he did not put on the smooth bonhomie that is the default setting for off-duty movie stars in the company of writers. He sat with his feet planted on the floor and his hands flat on the arms of a deep leather chair, and the answers to my questions did not always come readily or easily. It seemed like work.
Why shouldn’t it have? Nothing about De Niro’s approach to acting, as evident in nearly a hundred movies so far, should lead anyone to expect glib insights or ready answers. That wasn’t what I was looking for, any more than I wanted a glimpse of the ‘‘real’’ Travis Bickle or Jack Byrnes or Pat Solitano or any of the others. But I was curious about where they had come from or, more precisely, how they had come to be. I was looking for clues, chasing after vapors, interested in doing the job of talking to an actor about his.
SCOTT: Let’s start with “Silver Linings Playbook” and working with the director David O. Russell. How did that come about?
ROBERT DE NIRO: I knew David before, and I’d seen one or two of his other movies, and then I saw “The Fighter,” and I thought it was terrific. And then this came along, and I don’t know whether I read the book before I read the script — but either way, he changed it, obviously, from the book. The book was interesting, the character was interesting, but it was the reverse of the way he is in David’s version.
A.S.: How so?
R.D.: He’s much more — [in the book] he’s very taciturn, goes in his room all the time. He’s still a fanatic, but he just gets in his room and he won’t come out. It’s a great character, it’s just totally different. Mine is more reversed — inside out, however you want to say it.
A.S.: One of the things that’s amazing about that movie is the rhythm, the sense of chaos in that household, when you and Jacki Weaver and Bradley Cooper are together. The sense that at any moment things could go in any direction, either funny or horrible.
R.D.: David has a very unusual style of directing. You’ve got the camera moving around, he’ll push the camera over to this character, to that character, he’ll throw lines at you and you repeat them. And I don’t mind that, that’s all great. It’s a particular way of working and gets right to it and it’s spontaneous. You just have to go with it. He understands that whole chaotic thing. It’s part of his — I don’t want to say meshugas, but maybe it is. It’s his craziness. But a lovable craziness.
A.S.: I was comparing this role to some of your other recent movies, and it does seem like a few of the characters you’ve been playing recently are fathers.
R.D.: Then it will be grandfathers and if I’m lucky great-great-grandfathers if I’m still standing.
A.S.: It was really interesting to look at Pat Solitano in “Silver Linings” and compare that to another recent performance that I thought was terrific, and completely different, which was Jonathan Flynn in “Being Flynn.”
R.D.: It is a variation on a theme — the father regretting certain things. That’s the theme; and that’s what a lot of parents do: regrets and things. And if it’s written well it’s good, and worth expressing in a movie.
A.S.: When you looked at this character in “Silver Linings,” did you think of specific things that you could do to express that sense of regret?
R.D.: With “Silver Linings” I didn’t feel — I was thinking of certain things, but I just said, “Let me go with it.” You have to know what you’re doing, where you’re going with the scenes, and I put a lot of work into that. But when you’re out there at the same time you gotta be ready for anything.
A.S.: You obviously do a lot of work with a lot of different directors. Are there times when you come in with your own idea of the character?
R.D.: When I’m in it, I’ve already decided I’m going to work with the directors, so we have an understanding about what’s going to happen. I don’t get into these long-winded heavy discussions about character — do we do this or that or what. At the end of the day, what you gotta do is just go out there and do it. And the director respects what they’ve hired you for and chosen you for: to do the part and respect what you’re doing.
A.S.: So you don’t get thrown by different styles? Like an improvisational style like David Russell’s? 
R.D.: David was something I could understand. But there’s a problem if you have a director who gives you things that are just a little goofy and you can’t relate to them, and you can’t connect on any level. I try never to get myself in that situation.
A.S.: What about being on the other side of that, when you’re the director?
R.D.: I always feel you have to be very, very — whatever an actor does they can do no wrong. And they have to have that feeling so that they can try anything they want. Even if it’s not right, it doesn’t matter. Maybe we’ll use part of it. It’s O.K., do it once your way and then do it my way and then we’ll decide, or I’ll decide later, which is really the best. And sometimes you do that just to let the person get it out. I know I’ve done that with myself. I’d do it and I get it out and then I realize it probably wasn’t right. But I got it out.
A.S.: What was it like when you were younger, when you were coming into your own? You were working with some directors who were also young, who were your peers, people like Martin Scorsese and Bernardo Bertolucci.
R.D.: I’m older now, and I’m more experienced, so I don’t get thrown by the directors that I’ve worked with. Rarely happens. And I’m certainly not a person that feels precious about myself — it’s just common sense. But when I was younger, I was a little more nervous about stuff. With Bernardo, sometimes he would be — I felt that he was European, they make certain demands.
A.S.: For example?
R.D.: In “1900,” we shot the old stuff on the first day, and I realized there that that was a mistake — it just wouldn’t work, nobody was into it. I didn’t know what I was doing sitting in another country with this director who I like very much, but it was like, “Where are we?” If I had thought about it more, I would have said, “Can we not do this scene later, not the first day?” I was sensible enough to know you don’t do things so out of order. But I went along with it, I remember that, and it just didn’t work.
A.S.: What about with Scorsese, that’s an extraordinary run you had, starting when you were both quite young. Looking back, you can see what Rupert Pupkin has in common with Travis Bickle, but there’s also something very different in those two performances. I felt like, when I was watching those characters, that I was seeing something on-screen that hadn’t been there before — the investigation of a whole new kind of person.
R.D.: With “The King of Comedy,” I wanted to do it, Marty was reluctant, but we just did it, and that sometimes happens in things that I’ve done with him. I did it just to work together. There was a script — I don’t know if you know the history of it.
A.S.: What’s the story?
R.D.: It was written by Paul Zimmerman. And there was another version Buck Henry had worked on, too. I was talking to Milos Forman [who had been set to direct the Henry version], and I said, “I really like the original, do you mind if I take it and go to Marty with it?” That’s the way I remember it, I could have missed something. I wanted to do that version.
A.S.: That character for me is one of the most fascinating and scariest of people. And there’s a kind of physical transformation that happens in that role, and for many of these roles — not only getting in shape to box or gaining weight and so on, but a total change of posture, size and shape. How important is that for you in getting into these characters?
R.D.: Very important. Physical is very important. You can have a physical movement that can give you your whole identity.
A.S.: Because “The King of Comedy” is still very different from the kinds of roles you’re known to play.
R.D.: Speaking of that, Marty, myself and Dick Bruno, who is the costume designer on “King of Comedy,” we were going down Broadway — there was one of these Broadway showbiz type stores, near the Stage Deli, that had these flashy clothes that you’d find in Vegas now. This little store with a mannequin, and the mannequin had the suit on and the hair and everything. We went in, took the clothes, I took the hairstyle, the mannequin hairstyle, I said it’s all perfect. Marty said great, let’s just do that. And that’s what we started with.
A.S.: Looking back, I find that one of the things that strikes me most is the consistency with which you’ve kept working for 40 years. And that’s a question that I’m fascinated by, whether I was asking Scorsese or Bruce Springsteen or Meryl Streep or Woody Allen: How do you keep it going and keep it fresh?
R.D.: I enjoy it. I like it. And especially when you get older, you start realizing you don’t have that much time. And you look back and say, “The last 15 years, it went by kind of quickly.” You don’t really know it until you get there and look back and say, “Geez, where did that time go?” I know I’ve gotta account for every day, every moment, every this, every that, but it still went, that time went. So now I have the next whatever, hopefully 15, 20 years if I’m lucky, and I think what to use that time for.
A.S.: Are you going to direct more?
R.D.: I’d love to direct. I tried to get “The Good Shepherd” [De Niro’s film in 2006 about the birth of the C.I.A.] to do the second installment with Eric Roth, and now we’re doing the cable-type things. So it’s different. [Cable] gives you more time to get into things. But it’s not the way I envisioned it, because I had a grand story that could be told as a movie. I want to definitely use it in this other way, but I would rather have done it as a movie.
A.S.: Was it difficult to get the first movie made? 
R.D.: It takes a long time to get it done, to get the financing, no matter who’s in it. It’s very, very arduous, a daunting, uphill battle. I have so much respect for people like Marty, or any director who only directs — all the battles over this and that, everybody giving their opinion. And you gotta listen to them. Because they paid for it. I’ve been through it, and it’s a real fight. There’s a quote: You gotta be part gangster. You’ve got to fight for what you want. You’ve got to listen to everybody’s opinion, then finally at the end of the day, you have to do what you feel is right.
A.S.: People talk a lot about how the industry’s changed, for better and worse. 
R.D.: The obvious changes are the action films and all that stuff, the cartoon-character type stuff, which, for what it is, it’s O.K. The whole blockbuster type thing which I think started with “The Godfather,” the first “Godfather” and “Jaws,” and that kind of kicked off this whole other thing, and it morphed into what it is today.
A.S.: Do you think that has made it harder for more personal films to get made?
R.D.: You could probably answer that better than me. Probably in some ways. It’s a struggle. As far as producing movies, you partner up with a studio, they do the distribution, you get the money somewhere else, they carve it up in different territories. I remember back when you did a studio movie, you did a studio movie. Now it’s all over the place. Wherever you get the money, whenever, if ever you can get it, and then you’ve got to find distribution — it’s exasperating.
A.S.: Is that the same experience for actors and directors?
R.D.: Things are tighter. You’re working on tighter budgets. That’s why again, with Marty, who has to do that every time — to fight to get the way he wants it, and I have a lot of respect for him. Being able to battle it out. No matter how you do it, you gotta hold your ground at times. Other times you’ve got to compromise. But never a compromise that you can’t live with.
A.S.: It’s one of the things that gets said a lot about the ’70s — that it was this period when personal filmmaking was possible on a big scale. 
R.D.: That’s what everybody says, the ’70s, that was that period. I didn’t look at it that way. We’re lucky we were able to do those movies and get some money to do them. There are more personal movies in some ways being made now, more opportunities for actors to me.
A.S.: What is your relationship to critics? Or to your own reviews? 
R.D.: What I say is, if you didn’t have critics — even though they can annoy you and upset you — if you didn’t have a critic, who would tell you how it is? Because people won’t tell you. When you do a movie and you’re showing it to people or audiences or friends, they’re never going to say that they dislike it. Because they’re with you and they know what you went through. So they’ll always find a positive thing to say. So the people who you’ll get real feedback from are critics. Especially good critics.
A.S.: Do you learn anything from your reviews? 
R.D.: Yeah. I read a review of one film I did with Pacino, it was about four years ago, we played two cops, and the critic said I looked like a puffed-up whatever. I said they’re right. I laughed. But I also did that intentionally because I let myself get heavy because he’s a cop. It was just funny.
A.S.: Do you ever look at your past work? 
R.D.: I’ve always wanted to do that — just to go back or to start from the first movies that I’ve done and all the way to the present.
A.S.: I know that there are actors who have different ideas about that. Gene Hackman has said he doesn’t like watching his movies once they’re done. 
R.D.: I understand that. I felt that way, too, but it depends on which film it is.
A.S.: What about watching your performance in dailies during a shoot?
R.D.: That whole thing about the director doesn’t want the actors to look because they’re going to get thrown, that’s because they don’t know what an actor — it just doesn’t work that way. It’s always good to have the actor look. In fact, if you look at the playback on the monitor, you can see exactly what you’re doing and what you don’t want to do and whether you’ve got to make an adjustment. I’ve had directors say, “Take a look at this,” and you see right away what needs to be done. At the same time, I don’t like to look. I say, “Just tell me whatever you want, and I trust your judgment on that.” But if I do look, there’s never a downside. It can only help me.
A.S.: Is that truer now because of the experience you have? Was it different earlier in your career? 
R.D.: No, I always looked at the dailies. I do so less now, but I always have access to them in case I want to go over something. And if you do that, you will find something without fail every time, something that can be improved or this or that. It’s just the way it is.
A.S.: Looking back over your career, I find there’s more comedy than I expected — and I think you may be a little underrated as a comic actor. But watching you, certainly in the “Fockers” movies, I’m wondering if you approach those films any differently from the dramatic roles. Because the character in that movie, for example, is certainly taking himself every bit as seriously.
R.D.: Yeah, it’s different, the process is different. Sometimes, I would much prefer to do something with more subtlety and more nuance, a more complicated thing, more contradictory. But they’re fun to do. I don’t know if I’ll do any more.
A.S.: The interactions are different. You and Ben Stiller have a different sort of chemistry. 
R.D.: Yes. Ben has a way of just reacting that is funny. He’s making a comment on my character and our relationship just by doing nothing.
A.S.: Do you get a chance to see a lot of movies? 
R.D.: I try. I haven’t seen anywhere near as many as I should. They give me the ones that they really say you must look at, and I try to. There are so many great films.
A.S.: Can you talk about any that particularly impressed you?
R.D.: I’m going to ask you something — have you seen “Argo”? What was that like, because I’m curious to see it.
A.S.: “Argo” is really good. I think Ben Affleck did a terrific job directing it, it’s so tight and suspenseful, funny, it has a little “Wag the Dog” angle in the Hollywood story line. 
R.D.: I can’t think of a recent movie that I’ve looked at. “The Fighter” I liked a lot.
A.S.: Were you a movie lover growing up?
R.D.: The classics I like, the Montgomery Clift-Elizabeth Taylor “A Place in the Sun.” “East of Eden,” James Dean films, Brando films are great. At that time you just go to a movie at the Loews or the local chain, and there was two movies on a bill and the news in between and that was it. Now there’s so many.
A.S.: If we go all the way back, when and how did you decide that you were interested in becoming an actor? 
R.D.: I wanted to do it when I was a kid around 10. I did it on Saturdays for a year or so, then I went when I was 16 for a while, and then I took a little break. I started more seriously when I was 18 ½ or so.
A.S.: When did you first get the sense that acting was be something you might be good at? 
R.D.: When I was around 18. I was looking at a TV show — a soap opera or some weekly western — and I said if these actors are making a living at it, and they’re not really that good, I can’t do any worse than them. I wasn’t thinking of getting a job on a western or any of that. When I got into it more seriously, I saw how far I could go, what you could do. That it wasn’t what I thought when I was younger. But I remember saying that to myself, watching those black-and-white TV shows.
A.S.: That you could do better. 
R.D.: Yeah. Better than what I was seeing.

INTERVIEW HAS BEEN CONDENSED AND EDITED.
A. O. Scott is a chief film critic at The New York Times.
Editor: Adam Sternbergh

Lance Armstrong: When A Hero Confesses

 

阿姆斯壯演砸了

英國《金融時報》中文網專欄作家 顏強

一直以來中國媒體和受眾都不太關心蘭斯·阿姆斯壯。但過去一周，這位已從職業生涯巔峰墜落至穀底的前自行車明星與奧普拉的對話，成了世界體育界的頭條新聞。阿姆斯壯這次處心積慮的公共行動，最終招來一片罵聲，體育歷史上曾經包裝得最成功的勵志英雄傳奇，如今成了市場行銷和危機公關的反面案例。

對於阿姆斯壯的競技，中國體育迷們或許興趣不大，自行車本來也不是靄深毒重的中國城市能進行的運動。不過他最新的觸電表現，倒是能給市場行銷者提供各種參考。

在因為服用違禁藥品被蓋棺定論為騙子、七個環法自行車冠軍頭銜被剝奪， 2000年悉尼奧運會銅牌被取消之後，“壯哥”沉寂了幾個月，突然選擇以對話脫口秀女王的方式，第一次面對公眾。他有著顯而易見的目的：利用一次高光露面機會，低調溫情地講述他那一面的故事，讓人看到他不僅是一個鐵骨錚錚的硬漢——儘管那是他自己長久以來努力包裝成的樣子，他還想讓世界看到他的痛苦、他無法自拔的窘迫、和在不知情狀況下犯的錯誤。這樣博同情的路數雖然老套，但通常管用，因為看到阿姆斯壯，人們很容易能回想起他七次贏取環法的輝煌，他戰勝癌症的堅強，以及LIVESTRONG這個黃手環對全世界抗擊癌症的人們以及青少年的激勵。

阿姆斯壯就是要將自己打扮成一個好人，一個犯了錯誤幡然悔悟，但內裏仍然品質優良的好人。他知道他不可能再贏回已經失去的世界，他那1.25億美元的財產大部分也將在官司中失散，但他倔強地想要堅守住哪怕最後一寸陣地。他骨子裏不會認輸，即便在宣佈他是個騙子，而他無從辯解時，他已經輸了。

然而阿姆斯壯實在是一個“單一類型”演員。我收看了他和奧普拉的對話，只有在講述到不久前耶誕節，他13歲的兒子向他詢問真像，促使他決心面對公眾時，阿姆斯壯才有些動情，而整體上，他表現得強硬頑固，和他依舊分明的面部輪廓一樣堅實。

他只能演英雄，他只能扮演勝利者。他不會博同情。哪怕他像鐘斯那樣痛哭流涕一番，多少也會讓人覺得是真情流露，但阿姆斯壯做不到。他的確真實，真實得讓人感覺到，從他內心深處，他根本沒覺得自己做錯了什麼。

在這次公關活動的最初設計中，低調與溫情可能是主線索，阿姆斯壯原本是來道歉、來挽回損失的。但強梁如“壯哥”者，做不到低調溫情。過去十幾年，他裹挾媒體、裹挾國際自行車聯合會，對所有懷疑他成就的媒體、管理者、隊友、對手、車隊經理、贊助商，都手段鐵腕毫不留情。他代表著“美國夢”刻骨的另一面。如今要他放下身段，他就算有這樣的意識，行為上卻根本做不到。

所以和奧普拉的對話，不但沒有起到危機公關的作用，反倒坐實了阿姆斯壯的完整敗局。這段長時間對話還不是直播，更讓人懷疑其誠意。錄影結束後，奧普拉第一時間在Twitter上言簡意賅地說：“阿姆斯壯有備而來”。個中深意，值得品味。

我越看這些對話，越覺得阿姆斯壯就是“美國夢”的代言人——他將自己洗腦洗得無比徹底乾淨，轉身就能給其他人洗腦。這樣的告白，如果是肥皂劇，也只會是最低劣的肥皂劇。

遺憾的是，這樣的肥皂劇，不論中西，每天都充斥在我們的生活中。

（注：本文僅代表作者個人觀點。本文編輯王昉 fang.wang@ftchinese.com）

阿姆斯特朗演砸了

SPORTS

Armstrong stripped of Tour de France titles

Cyclist Lance Armstrong has been stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned from cycling for life, in a much-anticipated ruling by the sport's international governing body.

Monday's announcement by Pat McQuaid, the president of the International Cycling Union, ratified recommendations in an October report from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), which ordered Armstrong's Tour de France titles be wiped out.
"Lance Armstrong has no place in cycling," said McQuaid.
Addressing his remarks to cyclists, McQuaid said the fight against doping was his priority.
"UCI is listening and is on your side. We’ve come too far in the fight against doping to return to our past. Cycling has a future and something like this must not happen again."

UCI upholds ban on Lance Armstrong

The scathing USADA report included testimony from 11 former teammates, accusing Armstrong of running the "most sophisticated" doping program in the sport's history. The USADA said it had collected evidence to prove the seven-time Tour de France winner had engaged in the biggest doping conspiracy to date.
Effect on cycling and sponsorship
Monday's decision comes as the sport of cycling reels from Armstrong's well-documented fall from grace. Organizers of the Tour de France will be trying to move on from the scandal as the race prepares to celebrate its centenary next year.
Sponsors have been deserting Armstrong and the sport in general. Last week, Nike - one of Armstrong's main corporate sponsors - said it was terminating its relationship with the cyclist and accused him of deception.
Trek, the company that made the bicycles Armstrong rode to seven titles, announced on the same day it would terminate its sponsorship contract - as did the beer maker Anheuser-Busch.
The Dutch institution Rabobank ended its association with professional cycling after the doping allegations came to light, leaving 17 riders in need of a sponsor.
Last week Armstrong also announced he would step down from his own charity, the Lance Armstrong Foundation, also known as Livestrong, a move believed to have been intended to limit the damage to the organization from the USADA report.
Armstrong appears
Lance Armstrong spoke briefly to thousands of riders in Texas at a benefit organized by his charity, the day before UCI's decision.
"I've been better, but I've also been worse," he said. "Obviously it has been an interesting and difficult couple of weeks."
jr/rc (Reuters, AFP, AP)

Lance Armstrong: When A Hero Lets Us Down

by Linton Weeks

Enlarge Jim Urquhart/AP Lance Armstrong speaks to the media after the February 2011 Xterra Nationals triathlon. On Friday, the cyclist said he would no longer fight doping allegations.

text size A A A

August 24, 2012

Lance Armstrong. He has a superhero's name, right out of the comic books. He moved from conquering stages of one kind — bike racing — to stages of another kind — cancer. He's chiseled and driven and known all over the world.
But now we learn that the superhero has given up in one of his biggest battles. He says he will no longer continue to fight charges by the United States Anti-Doping Agency that he used performance enhancing drugs to win bicycle races.
Because of the charges — and the subsequent stripping away of seven Tour De France titles — the popular image of Armstrong may be forever tarnished.
"We are all going to be let down by this news," says Harvey Shapiro, professor emeritus at the University of California, San Diego, medical school and an avid cyclist. "Those people who believe that he couldn't possibly dope are still going to believe it. And those who staunchly believe that he did dope are still going to believe it."
To some, Armstrong will be seen as a fallen idol. To others he remains a powerful symbol of someone who battled against the odds. The simplicity of loving him as a winner, however, has grown very complicated.
But in early 21st century America, we are accustomed to complex heroes — people thought to be good who ultimately disappoint. Our popular culture is teeming with conflicted champions and superheroes who discover their dark sides and turn out to be mirror images of archenemies.
So how are we supposed to feel about Lance Armstrong?
Shadow Over Everything
Tom Stokes, co-owner of Plum Grove Cyclery in Leesburg, Va., says his feelings about the conflicted superhero Armstrong are, well, conflicted
"When I was following Lance's tour victories," Stokes says, "I kind of knew in my heart of hearts that he was getting some help."
As a purveyor of high-end bikes, Stokes knows well the world of high-level professional biking. "It's dog eat dog," he says.
But Armstrong's apparent straight-from-the-lab advantage was OK with Stokes because he sensed that many other professional cyclists were pumped up on performance enhancing drugs as well. "I sort of knew that everybody was doing it," he says.

Get A Handle On The Lance Armstrong Story

The Two-Way

Anti-Doping Chief: Armstrong Knows Truth, Sticking To 'Baseless Soundbites'

The Two-Way

Lance Armstrong's Seven Tour De France Titles Are Effectively Gone

The Two-Way

Lance Armstrong Says He Won't Fight Doping Charges

After all, bicycle racers have been trying to improve their endurance and speed for decades. "They were taking strychnine in the '20s and '30s," Stokes says. Enhancement was "always sort of a given."
Stokes is especially bitter that the Anti-Doping Agency continued to pursue Armstrong. Going after, and finally triumphing over Armstrong, Stokes says, comes at a great cost for biking. "There won't be positive fallout from this."
They are, he says, "making everybody look bad."
On one hand, Stokes says, Armstrong is still a winner. He has battled cancer. He has started the Lance Armstrong Foundation that employs a lot of people and raises piles of money for cancer research. Countless bicyclists and other people wear — and are inspired by — the foundation's bright yellow Livestrong wristbands. Stokes worries what might happen to those heroic efforts.
But Stokes also takes the news somewhat personally. He pauses and recalls magical moments — watching Armstrong break away on mountains and cross the finish lines first, time and time again.
"I don't think I'll ever get that feeling back," he says with a sigh. "There's a shadow over everything now. But that's just life."
Marred Masterpieces
The Hall of Fallen American Heroes is long and wide. There is a portrait of Bill Clinton. Over there is a sculpture of Tiger Woods. Toppled from that pedestal is Gary Hart. Watch out for the broken busts of Richard Nixon, John Edwards, Pete Rose, Mark McGwire and many, many others.
Should the curators now make room for Armstrong?
If Armstrong did what he's been accused of — and no longer officially refutes — does he belong in the museum of marred masterpieces?
As Shapiro points out, our society is already addicted to performance enhancement technology for ourselves. We use drugs and machines and other boosters to work and play in more advanced ways than our ancestors.
Such behavior creates tacit acceptance of performance enhancing in sports as we cheer on athletes to break one record after another, says Shapiro, who wrote a novel, Morphed, about doping athletes. The result is a demand for ever greater, often drug-supported, superheroic feats.
Rather than fight against the evidence, Shapiro says, Armstrong should have taken the opportunity "to commit himself to helping to wipe out doping, especially for young kids and young athletes, because he is a hero to them."
Heroics, Not Heroes
Maybe our adoration is misplaced. Perhaps we should all be focusing on the feats and not the performers. Heroes let us down; heroics don't.
In a 2009 Psychology Today piece about our fascination with the destruction of heroes, Lawrence Rubin, a psychology professor at St. Thomas University in Miami, posited that rather than focus on our fascination with fallen heroes, "we should turn attention from them to ourselves, and search for real and tangible ways to be heroic in our own lives."
Following the Armstrong news, Rubin says in an interview, "Heroes are part of both popular and the broader culture as well."
They "are the rarefied and purified elements of the best of humanity," Rubin says. They are "the distilled essence of our hopes, dreams, strength and desire for immortality."
Ultimately, Rubin says, sullied superheroes do teach us something about ourselves. Fallen heroes "don't let us down. Their 'fall' merely reflects the inevitability of our mortality — the inescapable awareness of our fragility and transience."

Inaugural Poet Richard Blanco

人物

他為總統獻上一首精神流亡者的詩

SHERYL GAY STOLBERG 報道 2013年01月21日

Craig Dilger for The New York Times

理乍得·布蘭科被選中在2013年的總統就職典禮上獻詩。

華盛頓——詩人理乍得·布蘭科(Richard Blanco)是古巴流亡者的兒子，他說，從巴拉克·奧巴馬躍上政治舞台的那一刻，他就感到與這個人有一種“精神上的聯繫”，奧巴馬成為美國的第44任總統。
奧巴馬在暢銷自傳《我父親的夢想》(Dreams From My Father)中，講述了他受到的多元文化熏陶。現在布蘭科也在努力通過寫作尋找自己的身份。他說自己處於多種文化之中的親身感受，令他對奧巴馬感到格外 親切。他是拉丁美洲裔、同性戀、是土木工程師，同時也是詩人。他的詩中滿懷憧憬地描繪了父母所離開的那片故土的風景與氣味。

現在，奧巴馬打算把布蘭科從相對安靜、不為人知的詩歌世界裡拉出來，讓他在全世界面前亮相。本周三（1月9日——譯註），總統就職典禮的策劃人將宣 布布蘭科將在2013年的就職典禮上獻詩，就像羅伯特·弗羅斯特(Robert Frost)和瑪雅·安吉羅(Maya Angelou)等著名詩人曾經做過的那樣。
“從大選之初，我就完全理解他的人生故事，以及他談論自己家庭的方式，當然還有他的多元文化背景，”布蘭科在電話採訪中說；他和伴侶住在緬因州貝塞爾的農村，“從這種意義上講，我們一直都有一種精神聯繫。我覺得從某些方面來說，當我在寫自己的家庭時，也是在寫他的家庭。”
1月21日，新總統將在國會大廈的台階上舉行就職典禮。布蘭科先生現在需要為這個場合創作一首新詩（根據憲法的要求，奧巴馬先生將於1月20日在白 宮宣誓就職）。就職典禮委員會的發言人艾迪·維森南特(Addie Whisenant)說，奧巴馬先生選擇布蘭科先生，是因為這位詩人“非常個人化的詩歌植根於身為美國人的意義這個概念”。
布蘭科的朋友們和其他詩人們說，總統不可能找到比他更合適的人了。
“我認為他被選中是因為他眼中的美國與總統眼中的美國非常相似，”利茲·巴爾馬塞達(Liz Balmaseda)這樣說；她在20世紀90年代中期與布蘭科相遇，當時他在詩歌界剛剛嶄露頭角，而她是《邁阿密先驅報》的專欄作家：“即使你不是流亡 者，不是拉美裔，不是同性戀，你也能理解理乍得詩歌中的渴望。”
布蘭科今年44歲，他在古巴受孕，在西班牙出生，在邁阿密長大並接受教育。他的母親是銀行出納，父親是會計。他的祖母在詩中被稱為 “abuela”，是個揮之不去，具有強大影響力的人物。家裡一直傳說他是以理乍得·M·尼克松(Richard M. Nixon)命名的，尼克松堅決反對菲德爾·卡斯特羅(Fidel Castro)，所以是他父親最喜愛的總統。
布蘭科家境一般，感恩節他們吃豬肉（在他發表的第一首詩《美國》[América]中，他寫道有一年他堅持要吃火雞），在節日和過生日的時候，家裡播放拉丁音樂。他們生活的重心是食物和家庭，就像布蘭科在另一首詩《芒果，第61號》(Mango, Number 61)中寫的那樣，“櫃檯上覆蓋著西班牙文報紙，祖母和我蜷縮在櫃檯邊大快朵頤，芒果剖開的果肉，在手指間滑動，像融化了的金子。”
像很多移民家庭一樣，布蘭科先生的父母想讓兒子過上更好的生活。“最重要的是要生存下去，”他說。家人讓他在三個職業中選一個：醫生、律師或工程 師。他說他是個“數學奇才”，所以選擇了工程學，壓抑了自己創造性的那一面（以及他的同性戀取向），以贏得祖母的讚賞，祖母認為他太女性化了。
作為工程師，布蘭科曾參與橋樑設計、道路改良，以及南邁阿密市政廳的建設規劃。他說，但是到了25歲左右的時候，他開始問自己一些“身份與文化融 合”方面的問題，比如“我是誰，我屬於哪裡，我父母一直談論的古巴到底有什麼特別之處”，突然之間，他感到一種“強烈的”寫作“衝動”。
布蘭科決定再拿一個藝術和創意寫作方面的碩士學位，所以在佛羅里達國際大學上了夜校，他的工程學學位也是在這裡獲得的。他的導師坎貝爾·麥格拉思 （Campbell McGrath，他碰巧是給奧巴馬第一次就職典禮獻詩的伊麗莎白·亞歷山大[Elizabeth Alexander]兒時的朋友）說，布蘭科在數字和結構設計方面的特長，貫穿於他寫作的始終。
“理乍得永遠都是詩歌界的一位技藝高超的工程師，”麥格拉思教授說，“如果你跟他說這裡或者那裡需要改動一點兒，那你會看到一首完全不同的詩。他理解修改不只是修修補補，而是徹底重新構思，重新寫作。我知道這跟他的工程學技巧有關。”
布蘭科的第一本詩集《一百個火焰的城市》(City of a Hundred Fires)源自他的畢業論文，這本詩集贏得了1997年“阿格尼絲·林奇·斯塔雷特(Agnes Lynch Starrett)詩歌獎”，這是一個專門頒給處女詩集的文學獎項，享有盛譽。該詩集第二年在匹茲堡大學出版社出版。很快，請他任教的邀請紛至沓來。他曾 在新不列顛的中康涅狄格州立大學、喬治城大學、華盛頓的美國大學教過一段時間書，同時繼續工程師工作。直到最近才開始全職寫作。
《一百個火焰的城市》和布蘭科先生的第二本詩集《死亡沙灘指南》（Directions to the Beach of the Dead，亞利桑那大學出版社2005年出版）探討了他的古巴淵源，而他去年出版的最新詩集《尋找海灣汽車旅館》(Looking for the Gulf Motel)把他作為同性戀的生活與非常保守的古巴文化結合了起來。
“這本詩集努力想表達我如何適應這個世界，如何在主流同性戀者和古巴同性戀者之間找到自己的位置，”他說。
他的同事們說，現在布蘭科在寫回憶錄的同時，還在致力於一個全新的、極其困難的工作：為慶祝某個特定活動而寫詩，業內稱之為“應景詩”。在12月 12日得知自己被選中之後，他開始起草三首詩。他對此一直保密，甚至沒告訴他的母親。奧巴馬的團隊將從中選一首供他在就職典禮上朗誦。
“挑戰在於，”他說，“如何在詩中保持自我，保持親切的語調，但同時又能涵蓋‘美國是什麼’這個命題的大部分內容。”
布蘭科將成為美國的第5位為就職典禮獻詩的詩人；這個傳統始於約翰·F·肯尼迪，後被比爾·克林頓沿用，又在奧巴馬先生這裡延續。有些憤世嫉俗的人 可能會說，奧巴馬先生選擇一位拉美裔同性戀詩人是為了鞏固他的政治基礎，因為他選擇反對同性婚姻的里克·沃倫牧師(Rev. Rick Warren)在他2009年的就職典禮上祈禱，遭到一些同性戀者的反對。
但是布蘭科說，奧巴馬先生就職演講的主題“我們的人民，我們的未來”，與他產生了共鳴。他說，他想寫一寫“我認為全體美國人所擁有的社會中堅意識，以及努力工作、共創未來的理念，這種偉大的美國精神在200多年之後依然存在”。

本文最初發表於2013年1月9日。
翻譯：王艷

Poet’s Kinship With the President

By SHERYL GAY STOLBERG January 21, 2013

WASHINGTON — From the moment Barack Obama burst onto the political scene, the poet Richard Blanco, a son of Cuban exiles, says he felt “a spiritual connection” with the man who would become the nation’s 44th president.Like Mr. Obama, who chronicled his multicultural upbringing in a best-selling autobiography, “Dreams From My Father,” Mr. Blanco has been on a quest for personal identity through the written word. He said his affinity for Mr. Obama springs from his own feeling of straddling different worlds; he is Latino and gay (and worked as a civil engineer while pursuing poetry). His poems are laden with longing for the sights and smells of the land his parents left behind.

 Now Mr. Obama is about to pluck Mr. Blanco out of the relatively obscure and quiet world of poetry and put him on display before the entire world. On Wednesday the president’s inaugural planners will announce that Mr. Blanco is to be the 2013 inaugural poet, joining the ranks of notables like Robert Frost and Maya Angelou.
“Since the beginning of the campaign, I totally related to his life story and the way he speaks of his family, and of course his multicultural background,” Mr. Blanco said in a telephone interview from the rural village of Bethel, Me., where he lives with his partner. “There has always been a spiritual connection in that sense. I feel in some ways that when I’m writing about my family, I’m writing about him.”
Mr. Blanco must now compose an original poem for the president’s ceremonial swearing-in on the steps of the Capitol on Jan. 21. (Mr. Obama will take the official oath at the White House on Jan. 20, as required by the Constitution.) Addie Whisenant, the inaugural committee’s spokeswoman, said Mr. Obama picked Mr. Blanco because the poet’s “deeply personal poems are rooted in the idea of what it means to be an American.”
Friends of Mr. Blanco’s, and fellow poets, say the president could not have found a more perfect fit.
“I think he was chosen because his America is very similar to the president’s America,” said Liz Balmaseda, who met Mr. Blanco in the mid-1990s when he was just emerging as a poet, and she was working as a columnist for The Miami Herald. “You don’t have to be an exile, you don’t have to be Latino or gay to get the yearning in Richard’s poetry.”
Mr. Blanco, 44, was conceived in Cuba, born in Spain and raised and educated in Miami, where his mother was a bank teller, his father a bookkeeper, and his grandmother — “abuela” in his poems — was a looming, powerful presence. Family folklore has it that he was named for Richard M. Nixon, his father’s favorite president, who took a strong stand against Fidel Castro.
The Blanco home was a modest place where pork was served on Thanksgiving (in his first published poem, “América,” Mr. Blanco writes that he insisted one year on having turkey), and Latin music played on holidays and birthdays. Theirs was a world dominated by food and family, where “mango,” as Mr. Blanco writes in another poem, “Mango, Number 61,” “was abuela and I hunched over the counter covered with the Spanish newspaper, devouring the dissected flesh of the fruit slithering like molten gold through our fingers.”
Like many immigrant families, Mr. Blanco’s parents wanted a better life for their son. “The business was survival,” he said. He was instructed that he had three career choices: doctor, lawyer or engineer. He was “a whiz at math,” he said, so he chose engineering, suppressing his creative side (and his homosexuality) to win the approval of his grandmother, who thought he was too feminine.
As an engineer, Mr. Blanco helped design bridges, road improvements and an architectural site plan for City Hall in South Miami. But in his mid-20s, he said, he began asking himself questions about “identity and cultural negotiations and who am I, where do I belong, what is this stuff about Cuba my parents keep talking about?” Suddenly he felt “a deep need” to write.
Mr. Blanco decided to pursue a master’s degree in fine arts and creative writing, taking courses at night at Florida International University, where he had earned his engineering degree. His mentor there, Campbell McGrath (who also happens to be a childhood friend of Elizabeth Alexander, Mr. Obama’s first inaugural poet), said Mr. Blanco’s facility with numbers and structural design shines through in his writing.
“Richard was always a complete engineer within poetry,” Professor McGrath said. “If you said it needs a little work here or there, a whole transfiguration of a poem emerged. He understood revision not to be just a touch-up job but a complete reimagining, a reworking. I know that’s connected to his engineering skill.”
Mr. Blanco’s first collection, “City of a Hundred Fires,” which grew out of his graduate thesis, won the 1997 Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize, a prestigious literary award for a first full-length book of poetry, and was published the next year by the University of Pittsburgh Press. Soon he was flooded with teaching offers; he taught for a time at Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, and Georgetown University and American University in Washington while continuing his engineering work. Only recently did he give up engineering to write full time.
While “City of a Hundred Fires” and Mr. Blanco’s second book, “Directions to the Beach of the Dead” (University of Arizona Press, 2005) explore his Cuban heritage, Mr. Blanco’s most recent collection, “Looking for the Gulf Motel,” published last year, incorporates his life as a gay man in the very conservative Cuban culture.
“It’s trying to understand how I fit between negotiating the world, between being mainstream gay and being Cuban gay,” he said.
Now Mr. Blanco, who is also at work on a memoir, is focused on an entirely new and, colleagues say, exceedingly difficult endeavor: composing what is known in his trade as an “occasional poem,” written to commemorate a specific event. After learning of his selection on Dec. 12 — he has kept it a secret even from his mother — he began drafting three poems; the Obama team will pick one for him to read at the inaugural ceremony.
“The challenge,” he said, “is how to be me in the poem, to have a voice that’s still intimate but yet can encompass a multitude of what America is.”
Mr. Blanco will be the nation’s fifth inaugural poet; the practice was begun by John F. Kennedy, picked up by Bill Clinton and continued by Mr. Obama. Cynics might say that in picking a Latino gay poet, Mr. Obama is covering his political bases; some gay people objected to his selection of the Rev. Rick Warren, an opponent of same-sex marriage, to deliver the invocation at his 2009 inauguration.
But Mr. Blanco says Mr. Obama’s inaugural theme, “Our People, Our Future,” resonates with him. He wants to write, he said, about “the salt-of-the-earth sense that I think all Americans have, of hard work, we can work it out together, that incredible American spirit that after 200-plus years is still there.”

杜紀川 (John Tu) 與孫大衛 (David Sun)

 杜紀川 (John Tu) 與孫大衛 (David Sun) 兩位是美國科技產業的奇人.

Andew Hsu指揮大師都聽什麼流行樂 à讓我想起71歲的企業奇人Tu先生在接受TVBS專訪時的末了拿束修去請教太平洋交響樂團指揮請教”指揮之道”的神情: 杜紀川 (John Tu) 與孫大衛 (David Sun)  片中很少露面的孫說他扮演太陽的角色 他姓Sun嘛

1996 8 月 15 日，日本 Softbank® 公司以 15 億美元收購Kingston 80% 的股份。 (美國Sun跟日本Sun說 缺的3億可以不用付啦!)

1999 7 月時，杜紀川與孫大衛先生以 4 億 5,000 萬美元，買回 Softback 公司擁有的 80% Kingston股份。

2011 Kingston 2010 年的營收為 65 億美元，是公司創立以來的最高紀錄。

林世堂:

大學同班同學問:留給後人寬廣的道路和榮景可期的未來而不是一個讓人懷念的光輝歷史。有何區別?您認為呢? 請表達您的意見，謝謝!

HC: 剛看完Vidal 的訪談 主持人問他自認為legacy 是什麼 他重複說:我一生沒殺人 Gore Vidal, iconoclastic author, 我看戈爾．維達爾(莊信正)

2013年年初Tu 接受台灣TVBS訪問 可參考

「最佳雇主」杜紀川　30億台幣分員工

1996年有2位華人老闆發了1億元現金，給員工當年終獎金，轟動全球，他們就是杜紀川和孫大衛，來自台灣，在洛杉磯創業，以善待員工出名，多年蟬聯美國「財星」的「最佳雇主」，而且是其中唯一的華人企業，他們在1987年經歷破產後，如何絕地重生，聽杜紀川娓娓道來。很多人提到全球最大記憶體模組製造商Kingston都會想到1億美元獎金的傳奇，TVBS新聞團隊飛到美國南加州，帶您一起了解「最佳雇主」的背後故事。 杜紀川的辦公桌，就在業務部正中央，沒有隔間、沒有獨立辦公室，跟大家一模一樣，總裁打個電話，同事全都聽得見。 金士頓總裁杜紀川：「我們都是一家人沒有什麼，你要是在家裡面你也不會跟你的兒子，噓噓噓不要跟他說，你知道你不能這樣，這就是我們，這就是我們。」 下班後和員工組搖滾樂團，打鼓、唱歌一起來，杜紀川說，對員工好，比對顧客好來得重要，因為對員工好，就有資深的員工，可以快速反應面對瞬息萬變的市場，記憶體模組市佔率全球第一，代表是全面稱霸的6成，而苦苦追趕的第2名，只有8%。 其實杜紀川和孫大衛兩人創業之初碰上了1987年，史上最可怕的黑色星期一股災，500萬美金一夕成空，還倒賠幾百萬，2人破產後身無分文，面對人生最大的挫折，在絕望中被迫中年創業。 杜紀川：「我會做一個流浪人，就是說我做一個失敗者，那一直是我最大的恐懼，即使到了現在也一樣，我是覺得相信就是，那是一股力量，當初給我就是說，你不能失敗，你不能成為一個失敗的人，你必須要再試一次，然後一定會成功的。」 走過1/4個世紀，來自台灣的杜紀川與孫大衛堅守成功信念，維持彈性與適應力，他們說重要的是，你到最後手上有幾袋豆子，而不是中途去算幾顆豆子。

今日的Kingston
Kingston已發展為全球最大的記憶體產品獨立製造商。 Kingston 全球總部設在美國加州的芳泉谷市，全球員工超過 4,000 人。 Kingston 被《財富》(Fortune) 雜誌評為「美國最佳任職公司」(Best Companies to Work for in America)，其富含尊重、忠誠、彈性與正直的信條內容建立了企業文化典範。 Kingston相信投資在員工身上是非常重要的，並相信每位員工均是公司成功的主因之一。
Kingston的銷售夥伴遍及全球六大洲，包括代理商、經銷商、零售商與 OEM 客戶。 亦為半導體製造商與系統 OEM 廠商，提供合約製造與供應鏈管理服務。


1987 年時，Kingston® 以單一產品進軍市場。 創辦人杜紀川 (John Tu) 與孫大衛 (David Sun) 先生以一種能重新定義未來幾年業界標準的記憶體模組，來補足表面貼裝記憶體晶片嚴重短缺的情形。

Kingston採行了記憶體產業中最廣泛且嚴苛的測試流程、提供免費技術支援服務中心，以及始終如一的創新技術推展，自成立以來豎立了始終符合業界標準的高品質與可靠性標竿。

Kingston的歷史沿革。

1987 – 起源

1980年代時，高科技市場的表面貼裝記憶體晶片嚴重短缺，Kingston在此情況下發展成長。 創辦人杜紀川與孫大衛先生決心尋找出解決方案，於是結合其獨特的工程專業技術，設計出革命性的全新單一內嵌記憶體模組 (SIMM)，而且它能運用可輕易取得的舊通孔元件。 這種意念上的一致遂創造出全新技術和產業標準，新公司也於 1987 年 10 月 17 日成立。

1989

Kingston與競爭者的差異，在於實行了百分之百的測試，並提供穩定的品質，進而在市場上位居領導地位。

1990

Kingston將其業務拓展至第一個非記憶體產品線，即處理器升級。

1992

Kingston獲 Inc. 雜誌評定為美國成長最快的私人公司之首。

1993

Kingston將業務拓展至網路與儲存裝置產品線。

1994

Kingston推出 DataTraveler® 與 DataPak 可攜式產品。
Kingston首次接受評估便通過 ISO 9000 認證，此等佳績實屬難得。
《富比士》(Forbes) 雜誌在其「美國 500 大私人公司」(The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S.) 名單當中，將Kingston列為第 367 名。Kingston 以 4 億 8,900 萬美元的營收上榜。

1995

隨著 1995 年的銷售額超過 13 億美元，Kingston成為了「十億元俱樂部」的一員。 以「十億分感謝！」(Thanks a Billion!) 為標題，在《華爾街日報》(The Wall Street Journal)、《橘郡紀事報》(Orange County Register) 與《洛杉磯時報》(Los Angeles Times) 刊登廣告，並列出Kingston全體員工的名單以作答謝。

1996

8 月 15 日，日本 Softbank® 公司以 15 億美元收購Kingston 80% 的股份。
Kingston 與 Toshiba 公司共同行銷 Toshiba 電腦的記憶體升級事宜。這是電腦 OEM 廠商與記憶體製造商首次合作建立共同品牌模組。
12 月時，杜紀川與孫大衛先生因為這次的收購，提撥了1 億美元做為員工紅利。

1997

Kingston在英國開設歐洲總部。

1998

Kingston被《財富》(Fortune) 雜誌評定為「美國 100 大最佳任職公司」(100 Best Companies to Work for in America) 第二名。

1999

7 月時，杜紀川與孫大衛先生以 4 億 5,000 萬美元，買回 Softback 公司擁有的 80% Kingston股份。

2000

《富比士》(Forbes) 雜誌在其「美國 500 大私人公司」(The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S.) 名單當中，將Kingston列為第 141 名。Kingston以 1999 年的 15 億美元營收上榜。

2001

Kingston榮獲《產業週刊》(IndustryWeek) 選為「全球前 5 大製造公司」(Top 5 Global Manufacturing Company)

2002

1 月時，Kingston連續第五年榮登《財富》(Fortune) 雜誌的「100 大最佳任職公司」(100 Best Companies to Work For) 排行榜。
7 月時，Kingston推出領先業界的專利記憶體測試器。

2003

4 月時，Kingston榮獲 Dell 公司頒發「最佳整體績效的多元供應商獎」(Diverse Supplier Award for Best Overall Performance)。
6 月時，Kingston榮獲「優良工作環境評選機構」(Great Place to Work Institute) 頒發「傑出公正」(Excellence in Fairness) 獎項。
10 月時，Kingston推出有關模組製造的「環保先導計畫」(Green Initiative)。

2004

iSuppli 機構將Kingston列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。
8 月時，Kingston將快閃記憶卡保固期限延長為「終身」保固。

2005

iSuppli 機構連續第二年，將Kingston列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。
7 月時，Kingston在伺服器記憶體的動態超負荷測試器方面，取得了美國專利。
9 月時，Kingston在中國上海開設世界最大的記憶體模組製造廠。

2006

iSuppli 機構連續第三年，將Kingston列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。
3 月時，Kingston推出第一個完全安全、百分之百保護隱私的 USB 隨身碟，它具有 128 位元的硬體型加密功能，同年稍晚推出了 256 位元硬體加密功能版本。
4 月時，Kingston推出全緩衝 Dimm (FBDIMM)，突破 16GB 的障礙。
9 月時，Kingston因 FB-DIMM 產品的卓越支援、品質與及時交付榮獲 Intel 公司的「傑出供應商獎」(Outstanding Supplier Award)

2007

iSuppli 機構連續第四年，將Kingston列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。
富比士 (Forbes) 在其「美國 500 大私人公司」(The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S.) 名單當中，將 Kingston 列為第 83 名。
Inc. 雜誌根據營收表現，將 Kingston 評定為「最快速成長私人公司」的第一名。

2008

iSuppli 機構連續第五年，將Kingston列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。
8 月時，Inc.com 的「100 大 Inc.5000 公司」(Top 100 Inc.5000 Companies) 在「成長總金額」(Gross Dollars of Growth) 與「整體營收」(Overall Revenue) 兩項，均將Kingston列為第二名。
11 月時，富比士 (Forbes) 在其「美國 500 大私人公司」(The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S.) 名單當中，將Kingston列為第 79 名。

2009

Kingston 2008 年的營收為 40 億美元，是公司創立以來第三高。 自 2007 年起，記憶體產品的出貨量增加了 41%。 
iSuppli 機構連續第六年，將Kingston列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。
8 月時，Inc.com 的「100 大 Inc.5000 公司」(Top 100 Inc.5000 Companies) 項目根據營收表現，將Kingston評定為「私人公司」(Private Companies) 第五名。
10 月時，富比士 (Forbes) 在其「美國 500 大私人公司」(The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S.) 名單當中，將Kingston列為第 97 名，同時在電腦硬體類別方面，將 Kingston 列為第一名。

2010

Kingston 2009 年的營收為 41 億美元，是公司創立以來第二高。
iSuppli 機構以Kingston從 2007 年的 27.5%、2008 年的 32.8%，到升至 40.3% 的市場佔有率，將其列為第三方記憶體市場的全球記憶體模組製造商之首。

2011

Kingston 2010 年的營收為 65 億美元，是公司創立以來的最高紀錄。