鄂爾渾碑銘是指在外蒙古（今蒙古國）鄂爾渾河流域出土的公元8世紀石碑上的銘文。其中古突厥語部分用古突厥文寫成，是突厥語族語言最早的文字記錄。
參考文獻
[編輯]- 耿世民，《古代突厥文碑銘研究》，中央民族大學出版社，2005年。
The Orkhon inscriptions are bilingual texts in Middle Chinese and Old Turkic, the latter written in the Old Turkic alphabet, carved into two memorial steles erected in the early 8th century by the Göktürks in the Orkhon Valley in what is modern-day Mongolia. They were created in honor of two Turkic princes, Kul Tigin and his brother Bilge Khagan.
The inscriptions relate in both languages the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Tang dynasty, and their liberation by Ilterish Qaghan. According to one source, the inscriptions contain "rhythmic and parallelistic passages" which resemble that of epics.
Sources:
Ross, E. Denison (1930). "The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 5 (4). University of London: 861–76. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090558. JSTOR 607024. S2CID 140199091.
Krueger, John R. (1962). "The Earliest Turkic Poem". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (4): 557. doi:10.2307/597528. JSTOR 597528.
| Orkhon inscriptions | |
|---|---|
| simplified Chinese: 阙特勤碑; traditional Chinese: 闕特勤碑; pinyin: Què tèqín bēi ('Queteqin Monument') | |
 The Kul Tigin stele. Orkhon Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia | |
| Type | Memorial |
| Height | 3.3 metres (11 ft) |
| Width | 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) |
| Writing | Middle Chinese; Old Turkic, written in Old Turkic alphabet |
| Created | 8th century |
| Discovered | 1889 Orkhon Valley, Mongolia 47°33′38″N 102°50′28″E |
| Discovered by | Nikolay Yadrintsev |
| Present location | Bilge Khan and General Kul Tigin Complex |
The Orkhon inscriptions are bilingual texts in Middle Chinese and Old Turkic, the latter written in the Old Turkic alphabet, carved into two memorial steles erected in the early 8th century by the Göktürks in the Orkhon Valley in what is modern-day Mongolia. They were created in honor of two Turkic princes, Kul Tigin and his brother Bilge Khagan.[1]
The inscriptions relate in both languages the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Tang dynasty, and their liberation by Ilterish Qaghan.[2] According to one source, the inscriptions contain "rhythmic and parallelistic passages" which resemble that of epics.[1]
Name
[edit]Orhon can also be transcribed as Orhun, and the inscriptions are also known as the Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments (also spelled Khoshoo Tsaidam, Koshu-Tsaidam or Höshöö Caidam), or Kul Tigin steles.
The Khoshoo Tsaidam archaeological site (more images here) in the Orkhon Valley region is where the inscriptions were found.
Kul Tigin (684–731; simplified Chinese: 阙特勤碑; traditional Chinese: 闕特勤碑; pinyin: Què tèqín bēi) is one of the two brothers to whom the monument was dedicated.
Discovery and translation
[edit]The inscriptions were discovered by Nikolay Yadrintsev's expedition in 1889, published by Vasily Radlov. The original text was written in the Old Turkic alphabet and was deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. Thomsen first published the translation in French in 1899, and then a more complete interpretation in Danish in 1922.[1][3]
Region
[edit]Orkhon Valley is a region on the western Orkhon River in modern-day Mongolia, near Ögii Lake. More specifically, they stand about fifty miles north of the Erdene Zuu Monastery, and approximately twenty-five miles northwest of the Ordu-Baliq.[1]
Importance
[edit]Before the Orkhon Inscriptions were deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen, very little was known about Turkic script. The scripts are the oldest form of a Turkic language to be preserved. When the Orkhon inscriptions were first discovered, it was obvious that they were a runic[dubious – discuss] type of script that had been discovered at other sites, but these versions also had a clear form, similar to an alphabet. When Vilhelm Thomsen deciphered the inscriptions it was a huge stepping stone in understanding Old Turkic script, providing much of the foundation for translating other Turkic writings.
The script follows an alphabetical form, but also appears to have strong influences of rune carvings. The inscriptions are a great example of early signs of nomadic society's transitions from use of runes to a uniform alphabet, and the Orkhon alphabet is thought to have been derived from or inspired by a non-cursive version of the Sogdian script.[4][5]
Historical context
[edit]
The steles were erected by the Göktürks in the early 8th century. They commemorate the brothers Bilge Khagan (683–734) and Kul-Tegin (684–731), one a politician and the other a military commander. Both were descendants of Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate, which was a prominent Turkic nomadic society during the Tang dynasty.[6]
The Göktürks have left artifacts and installations all over their realm, from Manchuria to the Black Sea, but only in modern-day Mongolia have any memorials to kings and other aristocrats been found. The ones in Khöshöö Tsaidam consist of tablets with inscriptions in Chinese and Old Turkic characters. Both monuments are stone slabs originally erected on carved stone turtles within walled enclosures. Bilge Khagan's stone shows a carved ibex (the emblem of Göktürk kagans) and a twisted dragon. In both enclosings, evidence of altars and carved depictions of human couples were found, possibly depicting the respective honorary and his spouse.
The Old Turkic inscriptions on these monuments were written by Yollug Tigin, a nephew of Bilge Khagan. These inscriptions, together with the Tonyukuk inscription, are the oldest extant attestation of that language.[7][8][9] The inscriptions clearly show the sacred importance of the region, as evidenced by the statement, "If you stay in the land of the Ötüken, and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Ötüken Mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!".[10]
Content of the inscriptions
[edit]
A full English translation of the inscriptions, titled The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering, may be found here.
The two monuments themselves have engravings on all four sides. However, some of the script was not preserved. What follows is a summary of the most complete section of the inscriptions. One translation of the first and second monuments seems to indicate that the text continues from one side[dubious – discuss] to the other.
The first portion of the Turkic translations seems to be Bilge Khagan discussing the commemoration of the tablet,[dubious – discuss] as well as mentioning the extent of the empire. One passage reads,
The inscriptions also highlight Bilge Khagan's accomplishment of uniting his people. As one passage reads,
The rest of the inscriptions are broken up and fragmentary, but seem to detail the conquests against the Kirghiz and the Tangut peoples and also the death of Kul-Tegin in battle, and eventually the succession of Bilge Khagan by his son.[1] Bilge Khagan's mother, El Bilga Khatun, was also mentioned in these inscriptions.[11]
The following is an excerpt from the last paragraph of the inscriptions (in Old Turkic and English languages):[12]
Relations with the Chinese
[edit]The inscriptions seem to have mixed views on Tang Chinese influence. On the one hand, it seems to contain the view that the Turks despise the Chinese. It appears as though Bilge Khagan wanted to distinguish his people from the Chinese in order to remain a strong independent society. In the inscription Bilge Khagan reprimands those Turks who have been influenced by Chinese culture and have adopted a Chinese way of life. As one passage reads,
The claimed enslavement of the Turks also did not help the reputation of the Chinese. Bilge Khagan seems to blame the Chinese for the disunion of his Turkic state. This Turkic view of the Chinese seems to be negative.[1][21]
Orkhon inscriptions indicate prisoners of war have often designated the status of slavery. Inscriptions found in the First Turkic Khaganate also imply that terms denoting slavery or other forms of subordinate status, such as qul (male slave) and küng (female slave or handmaiden), are frequently applied to a population of defeated political entities.[22]
However, the translation also reveals a degree of diplomacy with the neighboring Chinese, as evidenced by his statement,
Bilge Khagan also references the hiring of Chinese artists when he claims,
To further complicate the already muddled view of the Chinese, the inscriptions contain both Turkic and Chinese translations. Thus, the inscription contains evidence that Bilge Khagan had cultural interaction with the Tang dynasty.[1][21]
Restoration and access
[edit]Both inscriptions are part of the Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mongolia. TIKA ( Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency) showed interest in the site in the late 20th century and finalized their project to restore and protect all three[clarification needed] inscriptions. Since 2000, over 70 archaeologists from around the world (specifically from Uighur,[clarification needed] Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tataristan[clarification needed] and Turkey) have studied the area and performed excavations. The site is now protected by fences with buildings for research work and storage of artifacts. The total cost of the project is around 20 million dollars and eventually will include building a museum to house the inscriptions and other recently discovered artifacts.[23][better source needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Ross, E. Denison (1930). "The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 5 (4). University of London: 861–76. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090558. JSTOR 607024. S2CID 140199091.
- ^ Krueger, John R. (1962). "The Earliest Turkic Poem". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (4): 557. doi:10.2307/597528. JSTOR 597528.
- ^ "Orhon inscriptions". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ Kempf, Bela. "Old Turkic runiform inscriptions" (PDF). Turkic Languages. 8: 41–52.
- ^ "Orkhon/Old Turkic". Omniglot.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (2010). Turks and Khazars: origins, institutions, and interactions in pre-Mongol Eurasia. Farnham, England: Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 978-1-4094-0003-5.
- ^ Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 4. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 331–333. ISBN 978-0-7007-0869-7.
- ^ Tekin, Talat (1997). A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0869-7.
- ^ Tekin, Talat (1995). Les inscriptions des l'Orkhon. Istanbul: Simurg. ISBN 978-975-7172-06-2.
- ^ Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 390–403. doi:10.2307/605932. JSTOR 605932.
- ^ Pohl, Walter (15 December 2018). The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822. Cornell University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-5017-2940-9.
- ^ Sela, Ron; Cameron Levi, Scott, eds. (2010). Islamic Central Asia An Anthology of Historical Sources. Indiana University Press. p. 55.
- ^ Kemal Silay (1996). An Anthology of Turkish Literature. The University. pp. 4, 5. ISBN 978-1-878318-11-4.
- ^ J. J. Saunders (1 March 2001). The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7.
- ^ René Grousset (1953). The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire. University of California Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-520-00525-9.
- ^ Julia Lovell (1 December 2007). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC - AD 2000. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-1-55584-832-3.
- ^ Analecta Orientalia Posthumous Writings and Selected Minor Workds. Brill Archive. pp. 42–. GGKEY:3S3JPXD29QD.
- ^ Luther Carrington Goodrich (2002). A Short History of the Chinese People. Courier Corporation. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-486-42488-0.
- ^ Edward H. Schafer (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics. University of California Press. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-520-05462-2.
- ^ Denis C. Twitchett (27 September 1979). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589-906 AD, Part One. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.
- ^ a b Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (1995). "China and Tibet as Referred to in the Old Turkic Inscriptions". Diogenes. 43: 45–42.
- ^ Golden, "Terminology," p. 29.
- ^ "Orkhon inscriptions placed under protection". Hürriyet Daily News.
Sources
[edit]- Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee
- Sören Stark Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien (Nomaden und Seshafte, Band 6). Reichert: Wiesbanden 2008, pp. 76–78, plates 5-7.
External links
突厥碑文
突厥碑文（とっけつひぶん、 英語: Old Turkic inscriptions、Göktürk inscriptions）とは、突厥文字を用いて書かれた古代テュルク語による東突厥の碑文である。
概要
[編集]突厥碑文と呼ばれる碑文はいくつかあり、その中でも有名なのが『トニュクク碑文』、『キョル・テギン碑文』、『ビルゲ・カガン碑文』である。『キョル・テギン碑文』と『ビルゲ・カガン碑文』はニコライ・ヤドリンツェフによってオルホン河畔のホショ・ツァイダムで発見されたため（1889年）、ともに『ホショ・ツァイダム碑文』と呼ばれる。一方の『トニュクク碑文』はクレメンツによってトラ河上流のバイン・ツォクトで発見されたため（1897年）、『バイン・ツォクト碑文』と呼ばれる。これら突厥碑文が重要視されるのは遊牧民族である突厥が、自らの文字で自らの言語を記したということであり、東アジアにおいては漢民族以外で日本のかな文字とともに古い。それまでの突厥ではソグド文字／ソグド語を使用していた[1]。
2013年にはモンゴル東部のドンゴイン・シレー遺跡でも碑文が発見されている[2][3]
クリャシュトルヌィによる分類
[編集]ロシア（当時はソ連）のセルゲイ・グリゴリエヴィチ・クリャシュトルヌィ(Klyaštornyj)は、中央ユーラシア各地に点在する古代トルコ・ルーン文字碑文を大きく3つに分類し、さらにその3つをそれぞれ7種、7種、6種に分類した。
- 地域的
- 政治的
- 内容的
このうち、いわゆる突厥碑文と呼ばれるものは、地域的には北モンゴル高原で、政治的には東突厥で、内容的には歴史的・伝記的テキストに属する碑文を指す[4]。
オルホン碑文
[編集]1892年に『オルホン碑文』の名で未解読の碑文資料が公開されたことにより、この名称がある。1890年5月15日、フィンランド人の研究者アクセル・ヘイケル(Axel Olai Heikel)は帝政ロシアの首都サンクト・ペテルブルクを出発し、シベリアのイルクーツク経由で8月16日にオルホン川畔に到着した。以前から謎の碑文があるという噂があり、それを調査するためであった。ヘイケルは現地で3つの碑文[5]を発見し、写真と拓本をとってヘルシンキへ持ち帰り、未解読のまま公開したのが『オルホン碑文』である。 ヘイケルの調査の後、ロシアの言語学者ワシリー・ラドロフ(ヴィルヘルム・ラドロフ)も現地に赴き、調査を行った。碑文の解読をめぐってフィンランドと帝政ロシアとの間で熾烈な競争となったが[6]、1893年に解読に成功したのはデンマークの言語学者ヴィルヘルム・トムセンであった[7]。
突厥碑文のうち、オルホン川流域にあるものを日本では一括して「オルホン碑文」（Orkhon inscriptions）と呼ぶが、これは必ずしも正確な命名とはいえない[8]。以下はオルホン碑文に該当する碑文。
- ホショ・ツァイダム碑文（キョル・テギン碑文、ビルゲ・カガン碑文）…オルホン川流域
- バイン・ツォクト碑文（トニュクク碑文）…トール川流域
突厥碑文一覧
[編集]名称1 名称2 発見地 発見年 建置年 言語 文字 チョイレン銘文 モンゴル、ウランバートル 686年-687年 古テュルク語 突厥文字 イフ・ホショートゥ碑文 キュリ・チョル碑文 モンゴル、トゥブ・アイマク、デルゲルハン・ソム、イフ・ホショートゥ 1912年 6-8世紀 古テュルク語 突厥文字 オンギ碑文 モンゴル、ウブルハンガイ・アイマク、オヤンガ・ソム、オンギ川の支流 1891年 6-8世紀 古テュルク語 突厥文字 バイン・ツォクト碑文 トニュクク第一碑文 モンゴル、トゥブ・アイマク、トール川上流のバイン・ツォクト遺跡 1897年 732年以前 古テュルク語 突厥文字 バイン・ツォクト碑文 トニュクク第二碑文 モンゴル、トゥブ・アイマク、トール川上流のバイン・ツォクト遺跡 1897年 732年以前 古テュルク語 突厥文字 ホショ・ツァイダム碑文 キョル・テギン碑文 モンゴル、オルホン・アイマク、オルホン川畔（オルホン渓谷）のホショ・ツァイダム遺跡 1889年 732年 古テュルク語、漢語 突厥文字、漢字 ホショ・ツァイダム碑文 ビルゲ・カガン碑文 モンゴル、オルホン・アイマク、オルホン川畔（オルホン渓谷）のホショ・ツァイダム遺跡 1889年 735年 古テュルク語、漢語 突厥文字、漢字
脚注
[編集]- ^ 『ブグト碑文』
- ^ “8世紀の突厥碑文発見 モンゴル東部、阪大が共同調査”. 日本経済新聞. 2013年7月22日閲覧。
- ^ Ancient Monument in Asia Reveals Hidden Stone Sarcophagus Surrounded by Mysterious Secret Writings Newsweek(12/19/17)
- ^ 三上・護・佐久間 1974,p223-224
- ^ ヘイケルが発見した3つのうちの2つは、キョル・テギン碑文とビルゲ・可汗碑文である。
- ^ フィンランドが碑文の調査解明に熱心であった背景には、帝政ロシアの支配下にあったフィンランドにあって、フィンランド固有の文化を見直し、民族としての自信と勇気を取り戻そうとする当時の気運と関連している。フィンランド人の民族の起源と形成を明らかにするために言語学者はウラル・アルタイ語の研究を進めていた。
- ^ トムセンはフィンランドの学界と関係が深かった。
- ^ 三上・護・佐久間 1974,p224
- ^ モンゴル国現存遺蹟・碑文調査（ビチェース・プロジェクト）:1996-1998
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