訃告：第一代華裔美國人陳麗妃：保護被忽視的移民歷史。從紐約華埠歷史研究項目到美國華人博物館，通過挽救正在消失的文物、記錄目擊者的回憶，陳麗妃致力於保護被忽視的華裔移民遺產。她於7月24日去世，享年71歲。 （ 閱讀本文中文版 ）
Fay Chew Matsuda,1949~2020 死因： 子宮內膜癌endometrial cancer。
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Ms. Matsuda always insisted that a museum about the Chinese-American experience had to depend, as she put it, on “the involvement of community members in the development, planning and implementation of museum programming.”
“It was about reclaiming our own history,” she said, “and telling the story we wanted to tell.”
1970年代中期，市政府的這棟P. S. 23樓改建成了唐人街文化中心，這裡既擁有MoCA的展覽空間，又擁有85,000項"檔案"，涵蓋了160年的美國華人歷史。(P.S. 23 building元月 燒毀，重建中？)
松田女士一直堅稱，關於華裔美國人的博物館的節目，在開發，規劃和實施階段都必須依靠“社區成員參與。
她說：“這是在恢復我們自己的歷史，並講述我們想講的故事。”
***
Nobel Prize
Gertrude Elion's grandfather meant a great deal to her. When he died of cancer, she decided to find a cure for the horrible disease. She spent her lifetime developing medicines that have saved many lives. She saved all the letters of gratitude that she received for the medicines she developed.
Gertrude Elion was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for her "discoveries of important principles for drug treatment."
Learn more: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1988/elion/facts/
格特魯德·B·埃利恩（英語：Gertrude Belle Elion，1918年1月23日－1999年2月21日[1]) ，是美國女性生化學家和藥理學家。1988年，她與喬治·H·希欽斯和詹姆士·W·布拉克共同獲頒諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。埃利恩開發了許多新的藥物，這種新型研究方法的使用促使了後來治療愛滋病的藥物齊多夫定的發展。[2]
目錄
1主要成就
1.1發明
1.2獎項
2經歷
3參見
4參考資料
5外部連結
主要成就[編輯]
發明[編輯]
巰嘌呤（6-mercaptopurine）首次治療白血病器官移植中使用。[3]
硫唑嘌呤（Azathioprine）免疫抑制劑，用於器官移植。
別嘌醇（Allopurinol）用於痛風。
乙胺嘧啶（Pyrimethamine）用於瘧疾。
甲氧苄啶（Trimethoprim）用於腦膜炎，敗血症和病原菌引起的泌尿系統和呼吸道感染。
阿昔洛韋（Aciclovir），用於病毒性單純皰疹。
奈拉濱（Nelarabine）用於治療癌症。
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Gertrude Elion
Born
Gertrude Belle Elion
January 23, 1918
New York City, United States
Died
February 21, 1999 (aged 81)
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US
Citizenship
United States
Alma mater
Hunter College
New York University
Awards
Garvan-Olin Medal (1968)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1988)
National Medal of Science (1991)
Lemelson-MIT Prize (1997)
National Inventors Hall of Fame (1991)
ForMemRS (1995)[1]
Scientific career
Institutions
Burroughs Wellcome
Duke University
Website
www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-bio.html
Gertrude "Trudy"[2] Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs. This new method focused on understanding the target of the drug rather than simply using trial-and-error. Her work led to the creation of the AIDS drug AZT. Her well known works also include the development of the first immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine, used to fight rejection in organ transplants, and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV), used in the treatment of herpes infection.[3]
Contents
1Early life and education
2Personal life
3Career and research
4Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion
5Awards and honors
6See also
7References
8Further reading
Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81
By Lawrence K. Altman
Feb. 23, 1999
See the article in its original context from February 23, 1999, Section A, Page 21Buy Reprints
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Gertrude B. Elion, a pioneer in drug research who shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988, died on Sunday in Chapel Hill, N.C., where she lived. She was 81.
Ms. Elion developed drugs for use in a vast array of conditions. They included drugs for herpes, leukemia, malaria, gout, immune disorders, and AIDS, and immune suppressants to overcome rejection of donated organs in transplant surgery. In perfecting one compound after another, Ms. Elion worked for four decades with Dr. George H. Hitchings, who died a year ago.
Ms. Elion broke down sex barriers in the male-dominated world of scientific research, becoming one of the rare women to win a Nobel Prize and, even rarer, a scientist who did not have a doctorate.
Ms. Elion shared the Prize with Dr. Hitchings, who hired her as a $50-a-week assistant in 1944. Also sharing the Prize was Sir James Black of Britain, who discovered two classes of drugs, beta blockers, for high blood pressure and heart disease, and H-2 antagonists, for ulcers.
Seldom does the Nobel committee in Stockholm honor employees of pharmaceutical companies, but all three that year worked or had worked for such a company. Ms. Elion and Dr. Hitchings collaborated throughout their careers at the company known today as Glaxo Wellcome. In awarding the Prize to the three scientists, the Nobel committee said their work ''had a more fundamental significance than their discovery of individual drugs.''
Ms. Elion was noted for her precise work, intellectual brilliance and ability to work with others.
Few scientists matched the wide array of drugs that Ms. Elion and Dr. Hitchings developed. The drugs include acyclovir (Zovirax) for herpes; azathioprine (Imuran) to help prevent rejection of transplanted organs and in treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis; allopurinol (Zyloprim) for gout; pyrimethamine (Daraprim) for malaria and trimethoprim (a component of Septra) for bacterial infections.
The two worked in lock step for much of their careers, but Dr. Hitchings was always one step ahead of Ms. Elion; as he moved into a new job, she filled the old one.
The two scientists wrote many papers together, sometimes with her name first, sometimes his. As Ms. Elion said, ''He had two arms of research and I was one of them.''
In 1991, President George Bush awarded Ms. Elion a National Medal of Science, saying her work had ''transformed the world.''
Gertrude Belle Elion was born in New York City on Jan. 23, 1918, and graduated with highest honors in chemistry from Hunter College in 1937. Ms. Elion decided to go into medical research as a teen-ager after her grandfather died of cancer and her father, a dentist and Lithuanian immigrant, encouraged her to develop a career. Her mother was from Russia.
But unable to find a laboratory position because she was a woman, Ms. Elion took a succession of jobs. First, she worked as a laboratory assistant in biochemistry. Then she worked as a food analyst, checking the acidity of pickles and making sure the berries slated for jam were not moldy. Next, she taught chemistry and physics in the New York City school system before earning a master's degree in chemistry at New York University in 1941.
After working for Johnson & Johnson for two years, Ms. Elion, helped by labor shortages in World War II, joined what was then Wellcome Research Laboratories, in Tuckahoe, N.Y., as a biochemist. Ms. Elion later became head of the company's experimental therapy department.
She retired in 1983, but continued working, helping to oversee work on the development of AZT as the first drug against H.I.V., the AIDS virus. Ms. Elion also served on the faculty of Duke University and the University of North Carolina.
While working for the drug company, Ms. Elion felt that her lack of a doctorate was a disadvantage, so she began a Ph.D. program at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. She took courses at night, commuting an hour and a half each way. But she eventually had to quit because she was told she would have to attend school full time to get a Ph.D., and she could not afford to give up her job.
When she gave her first scientific paper at a major meeting, she said she got into an argument with a distinguished scientist and stood her ground because ''I knew I was right.''
Ms. Elion never married. She was once engaged, but her fiance died of a heart infection. Ms. Elion said she would not have advanced in her career if she had chosen to marry and have children because women were not encouraged then to work while their children were young.
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