“如果寫作的衝動有一天會消失，我希望那一天是我的最後一天。”
——諾貝爾獎得主納吉布‧馬哈福茲。
馬哈福茲十七歲開始寫作，七十六歲時獲得諾貝爾文學獎。他一生大部分時間都擔任公務員，晚上下班回家後便開始寫作。
馬哈福茲經常以他的家鄉開羅作為他的故事背景。他的獲獎動機是「透過富有細微差別的作品——時而清晰的現實主義，時而令人回味的模糊性——形成了一種適用於全人類的阿拉伯敘事藝術」。
“If the urge to write should ever leave me, I want that day to be my last.”
- Nobel Prize laureate Naguib Mahfouz.
Mahfouz began writing when he was seventeen and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature when he was 76. For much of his life he worked as a civil servant, and wrote when he returned home from work in the evenings.
Mahfouz often used his hometown of Cairo as the backdrop for his stories. His prize motivation stated that he "through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind."
treatise, dissertation, tract, essay, paper：中文都是"論文" ，趣讀《史蒂格勒論文集》The Essence of Stigler
The Essence of Hayek (Hoover Institution Press, 1985).
- (1986). The Essence of Stigler, K.R. Leube and T.G. Moore, ed. Scroll or page-arrow to respective essays. ISBN 0-8179-8462-3 Hoover Institution Press
- 《史蒂格勒論文集》，台北：遠流，1992
The Essence of Stigler
The twenty-four essays that appear in this volume exemplify the scholarly brilliance and intellectual curiosity that has marked the world of Nobel laureate George J. Stigler, who has been acknowledged as one of the foremost architects of twentieth-century economic thought. Stigler has said that "the purpose of economics is not to preach, nor is it to build elaborate theoretical models of hypothetical economies; its purpose is to study the world around us in order to better understand its workings." Stigler's writings indicate a lifetime spent in that pursuit. He has continually questioned accepted theories and infused those theories with his own unique perceptions; his writing and lecturing have always been marked with clarity, humor, and style. The essays published here are a small but significant part of his work, which can only indicate the breadth of his intellect and the extraordinary scope of his interest, which embraces microeconomics, the history of economic thought, and all aspects of political economy.
George Stigler | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | January 17, 1911 Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | December 1, 1991 (aged 80) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Institution | Columbia University Brown University University of Chicago Iowa State University |
| Field | Economics |
| School or tradition | Chicago School of Economics |
| Alma mater | University of Washington (BA) Northwestern University (MBA) University of Chicago (PhD) |
| Doctoral advisor | Frank Knight |
| Doctoral students | Jacob Mincer Thomas Sowell |
| Influences | Jacob Viner, Henry Simons, Milton Friedman |
| Contributions | Regulatory capture theory, Industrial organization, Search and information, History of economic analyais |
| Awards | Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1982) National Medal of Science (1987) |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
C（研究・学術）論文，論説
- papers
- 論文集
- [] a paper
- 論文の口頭発表をする
essay
- 音節es • say
- 発音ései
/----
tract 2
音節tract
発音trǽkt
[名]((形式))（特に宗教・政治の）小論文，小冊子，パンフレット
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The dissertation
Students select a suitable dissertation topic in consultation with the course convenors, building on ideas and interests emerging from seminars, reading and essay work. The completed dissertation, 12-15,000 words in length, is submitted at the end of August.
dissertation
博士論文を書く.
2 （文章・口頭による）形式の整った論述.
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Pope Francis releases a treatise calling for compassion towards ''imperfect'' Catholics. WATCH: http://reut.rs/22iujiE
Reviewed by NIALL FERGUSON
trea・tise
━━ n. 論説, （学術）論文 ((on)).
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