Carl Linnaeus卡爾·馮·林奈1707－1778,The Man Who Organized Nature. Buckminster Fuller

Princeton University Press 

“The closest thing to a comprehensive and contextualised account of Linnaeus as we are likely to get for at least a generation” Wonderful to see The Man Who Organized Nature reviewed in London Review of Books! The Linnean Society of London







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Richard Buckminster Fuller was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor.




In the early 1930's, Buckminster Fuller sent his first manuscript to publishers. A few months later, they sent him a letter, saying that the subject of his book was a problem. Fuller's book had three chapters about Albert Einstein; his mathematics, his Theory of Relativity, and the impact of the theory, if confirmed to be true (at that time, the now famous and accepted Theory of Relativity had not been accepted as a bona fide scientific theory). 




They pointed out that there were 20 experts and authorities on Einstein, and Fuller was not one of them, so they couldn't publish his writings. Fuller jokingly said, "then send the manuscript to Einstein, let him read it".




A few months later, a Professor from Princeton University called Fuller and said, "Doctor Einstein is in town. He has a copy of your manuscript and would love to sit with you and discuss it". ALBERT EINSTEIN WANTED TO SIT WITH BUCKMINSTER FULLER, WHOM NO ONE Knew, TO DISCUSS THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY!!! At that time, there were only a handful of scientists who even understood the Theory of Relativity. After the meeting, Einstein told Fuller that he was going to write to the publishers that he agreed with what Fuller had written and he endorsed it!




People tend to believe that if they have never heard of you, you cannot have anything worthwhile to offer. People believe that if you are not known, you can't be a force to reckon with. It's not true. Don't believe them. Rise to  every occasion, using it as an opportunity to prove them wrong. With every step you take, provide proof that you are more than they can see or evaluate.




There will always be people who don't believe you or believe in you. Focus on growth, self-empowerment and getting better at what you do and know, and by the time they know you, you will be ready, and you would have proven them wrong.




From the archive.

Buckminster Fuller - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller

Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (/ˈfʊlər/; July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor.

‎Geodesic dome - ‎Dymaxion car - ‎Spaceship Earth - ‎Dymaxion house

Life.com

Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Deployment Unit, 1941. See more photos: http://ti.me/1NTVnP3

(John Phillips—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

I SUPPOSE I already knew that it was a little perverse to be setting off in search of one of history’s losers. But even the French seemed to think it was odd. Georges-Louis Leclerc? The Comte de Buffon? I e-mailed well in advance to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, the natural history museum in Paris that Buffon largely founded. But the press office there seemed barely to have heard of the man. Like everybody else in the biological world, they were perhaps too busy celebrating the tercentennial of the great Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus, who was Buffon’s archenemy.

British Museum

A portrait medallion of Carl Linnaeus, by Josiah Wedgwood I and Thomas Bentley. Etruria Factory, Staffordshire, England, 1777http://ow.ly/PrCcl

卡爾·馮·林奈（瑞典語：Carl von Linné，1707年5月23日－1778年1月10日），過去曾譯成林内，受封貴族前名為卡爾·林奈烏斯（Carl Linnaeus），由於瑞典學者階層的姓常拉丁化，又作卡羅盧斯·林奈烏斯（拉丁語：Carolus Linnaeus），瑞典植物學家、動物學家和醫生，瑞典科學院創始人之一併擔任第一任主席^[2]。他奠定了現代生物學命名法二名法的基礎，是現代生物分類學之父，也被認為是現代生態學之父之一。他的很多著作是用拉丁文寫得，他的名字在拉丁語中是Carolus Linnæus（在1761年之後為Carolus a Linné）。

1707年，林奈出生於瑞典南部斯莫蘭的一個小鄉村裡。林奈在烏普薩拉大學接受了大部分的高等教育，並在1730年開始教授植物學。1735年至1738年之間，他居住在國外和做研究。他在荷蘭出版了第一版的《自然系統》（Systema Naturae）。之後，他回到瑞典的烏普薩拉，擔任了醫學和植物學教授。在1740年代，他旅行遍及瑞典各地，搜集和分類各種植物和動物。在1750年代和1760年代，他繼續搜集和分類各種動植物，並將成果出版了好幾卷。當他逝世的時候，他已經是歐洲最受讚譽的科學家之一。

瑞士哲學家盧梭在給林奈的信中寫到「告訴他我知道地球上沒有人比他更偉大」。^[3]德國學者歌德寫過：「除了莎士比亞和斯賓諾莎，再沒有其他的先人對我的影響比林奈更強。」^[3]瑞典作家斯特林堡說過：「林奈實際上是個詩人，只不過碰巧成為了一個博物學家。」^[4] 除了這些讚譽，林奈還被稱為「植物學王子」，「北方的博物志」，以及「第二個亞當」。^[5]

在植物學中，用L.來作為表明林奈的作者權的作者名縮寫。^[6]在一些較老得出版物中，有時林奈的作者名縮寫為「Linn.」。

Carl Linnaeus (/lɪˈniːəs/;^[1] 23 May^{[note 1]} 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after hisennoblement as Carl von Linné^[2] (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈkɑːɭ ˈfɔnː lɪˈneː] ( listen)), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of moderntaxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761Carolus a Linné).

Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and '60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.

The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth."^[3] The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly."^[3] Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist".^[4] Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum (Prince of Botanists), "ThePliny of the North," and "The Second Adam".^[5] American news agency Time named Linnaeus the 31st most influential person in human history and the 5th most influential scientist.^[6]

In botany, the author abbreviation used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species' names is L.^[7] In older publications, sometimes the abbreviation "Linn." is found (for instance in: Cheeseman, T.F. (1906) – Manual of the New Zealand Flora). Linnaeus' remains comprise the type specimen for the species Homo sapiens, following theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature, since the sole specimen he is known to have examined when writing the species description was himself.^{[note 2]}

Contents

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• 1 Biography
  • 1.1 Childhood
  • 1.2 Early education
  • 1.3 University studies
    • 1.3.1 Lund
    • 1.3.2 Uppsala
  • 1.4 Expedition to Lapland
  • 1.5 Doctorate
  • 1.6 Publishing of Systema Naturae
  • 1.7 George Clifford
  • 1.8 Return to Sweden
  • 1.9 Öland and Gotland
  • 1.10 Västergötland
  • 1.11 Scania
  • 1.12 Rector of Uppsala University
  • 1.13 Philosophia Botanica
  • 1.14 Species Plantarum
  • 1.15 Ennoblement
  • 1.16 Final years
• 2 Apostles
  • 2.1 Early expeditions
  • 2.2 Cook expeditions and Japan
• 3 Major publications
  • 3.1 Systema Naturae
  • 3.2 Species Plantarum
    • 3.2.1 Genera Plantarum
    • 3.2.2 Philosophia Botanica
• 4 Linnaean collections
• 5 Linnaean taxonomy
• 6 Influences and economic beliefs
• 7 Views on mankind
  • 7.1 Anthropomorpha
  • 7.2 Strange people in distant lands
  • 7.3 Four races
• 8 Commemoration
• 9 Commentary on Linnaeus
• 10 See also
• 11 Footnotes
• 12 References
  • 12.1 Notes
  • 12.2 Bibliography
  • 12.3 Works by Linnaeus
• 13 Further reading
• 14 External links