「其實左右建構創作世界的因素很多，可以在某些青少年讀物中一一找出它們的 明確出處。《慈善騎士聖朱利安傳奇》打獵一段，我實實在在地又重回到在《烏鴉最晚到》及其他同期作品中哥德--獸形風格?於我心中成型的剎那。」卡爾維諾在《巴黎隱士》倪安宇譯，台北時報文化，1998，頁292
請問：卡爾維諾在巴黎隱士220頁提到的「題獻給巴黎生活及歷史的嘉年華博物館」是那個呢？
聖朱利安醫院騎士團[a]是天主教會[1]和東正教[4][5]所推崇的聖人。他是比利時根特、馬耳他聖朱利安教堂和義大利馬切拉塔等城市的守護神。
歷史與守護
已知最早關於朱利安的記載可以追溯到12世紀後期。 [6]
關於他的起源主要有三種說法：
出生於法國勒芒（可能與勒芒的聖朱利安混淆）
出生於比利時阿特，約西元7年
出生於義大利那不勒斯
關於他所建醫院的具體位置，也有爭議，有人認為是普羅旺斯的加爾東河畔，有人認為是波坦察河附近通往馬切拉塔的一個小島。
聖朱利安的《天主經》（Pater Noster，即《我們的天父》或主禱文）早在1353年薄伽丘的《十日談》中就已出現，至今仍在義大利的一些地方口耳相傳。這段記載收錄於13世紀熱那亞多明我會神父雅各‧德‧沃拉金所寫的《金傳說》（Legenda Aurea）。沙特爾大教堂中一幅由一位不知名的藝術家創作的描繪聖朱利安的精美彩色玻璃畫也可追溯到13世紀。 [6] 特倫託大教堂（14世紀）和阿西西市政廳（Palazzo Comunale di Assisi）也發現了他的早期壁畫。
遠行的旅人祈求聖朱利安保佑好客，並祈求他能找到安全的住所。 [6]
黃金傳說
聖朱利安。塔德奧·加迪，14世紀。
根據雅各布斯·德·沃拉金記載，朱利安出生的那天晚上，他那位出身高貴的父親看到異教女巫秘密地對這個男孩施了詛咒，詛咒會讓他殺死父母。他的父親想把孩子打掉，但母親不讓他這麼做。隨著朱利安長成一個英俊的青年，他的母親常常因為兒子注定要犯下的罪而淚流滿面。當他最終明白了母親哭泣的原因後，他發誓“絕不會犯下這樣的罪孽”，並“懷著對基督的堅定信仰，勇敢地離開了”，盡可能遠離父母。
有些版本說是他十歲時母親告訴他的，而有些版本則說是他在森林裡打獵時遇到的一頭雄鹿（這種場景在聖徒的藝術描繪中經常出現）。經過五十天的步行，他終於到達了加利西亞，在那裡娶了一位“好女人”，據說是一位富有的寡婦。
二十年後，他的父母決定去找他們如今三十歲的兒子。他們到達後，前往西庇太之子聖雅各的祭壇。離開教堂時，他們遇到一位坐在外面椅子上的女人，因為疲憊不堪，便向她借宿一夜。她收留了他們，並告訴他們她的丈夫朱利安出去打獵了。 （因此他也被稱為獵人的守護神。）找到兒子後，父母欣喜若狂，朱利安的妻子也一樣。她待他們很好，把朱利安的床讓給了他們。然而，魔鬼去尋找朱利安，告訴他他的妻子和另一個男人在一起。 [1]
朱利安回到家，發現床上睡著了兩個人。他以為那是他的妻子和她的情人，於是把他們兩個都殺了。當他意識到自己的錯誤後，他發誓要用餘生從事慈善事業。他和妻子前往羅馬朝聖。 [1]他們繼續旅行，直到他們來到一處渡河口。在那裡，他們建造了一座收容所，接待疲憊不堪、病懨懨的旅人，朱利安則協助人們渡河。 [2]
Three Tales (French: Trois contes) is a work by Gustave Flaubert that was originally published in French in 1877. It consists of the short stories: "A Simple Heart", "Saint Julian the Hospitalier", and "Hérodias".
"A Simple Heart"
[edit]"A Simple Heart", or Un cœur simple in French, is a story about a servant girl named Felicité. After her one and only love Théodore purportedly marries a well-to-do woman to avoid conscription, Felicité quits the farm where she works and heads for Pont-l'Évèque, where she picks up work in a widow's house as a servant. She is very loyal and easily lends her affections to the two children of her mistress, Mme Aubain. She gives entirely to others; although many take advantage of her, she is unaffected.
She has no husband, no children, and no property, and is reliant on her mistress to keep her; she is uneducated; her death is virtually unnoticed. Despite her life being seemingly pointless, she has within her the power to love, which she does even when she does not receive it in return. She also carries within her a yearning, a majestic quasi-religious sensibility which finds its apotheosis in the deification, as she dies, of her pet parrot, who floats above her deathbed, masquerading as the Holy Ghost. She lives a simple, unexamined life.
Flaubert's challenge was to create the main protagonist as someone very different from the satirical characters appearing in his previous novels such as Madame Bovary.
"The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitalier"
[edit]"The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitalier", La légende de Saint-Julien l'hospitalier in French, is a story about Julian the Hospitaller. (Note that the story has nothing to do with the Order of Hospitallers, despite the similarity of the names.) He is predicted at birth to do great things. His father is told that he will marry into the family of a great emperor, while his mother is told that he will be a saint. They dote on him. After Julian kills a mouse who interrupted his concentration in church, his cruelty towards animals grows and culminates into his massacre of an entire valley of deer. A stag curses him to kill his own parents. He almost brings the curse to fruition twice: he drops a sword while standing on a ladder near his father, and he pins his mother's white shawl against a wall with a javelin because it looked like bird's wings. He leaves to escape his future (much like Oedipus).
Julian joins a band of vagrants, and they eventually grow into a huge army under his control. He makes a name for himself and marries rich, but never hunts. Finally, his wife convinces him to go hunt, and he is haunted by the spirits of all of the animals he has killed. He returns home to surprise his wife and finds a man and a woman in her bed. Unknown to him, his parents had arrived to see him, and his wife had given them her bed. He thinks that it is another man sleeping with his wife and murders them. He recognizes his misdeed and leaves once again.
Having given all of his possessions to his wife, Julian begs for food but is shunned for his deeds. He comes across a deserted river crossing and decides to live a life of servitude. One day, there is a great storm, and a leper wishes to cross. It is rough, but Julian does not give up. Once across, the leper's requests increase. He wishes for food and wine, Julian's bed, and finally the warmth of Julian's body. When Julian gives the man everything without hesitation, the leper is revealed to be Jesus Christ himself, who takes Julian with him to heaven.
"Hérodias"
[edit]
"Hérodias" is the retelling of the beheading of John the Baptist. It starts slightly before the arrival of the Syrian governor, Vitellius. Herodias holds a huge birthday celebration for her second husband, Herod Antipas. Unknown to him, she has concocted a plan to behead John. According to Flaubert, this plan entails making her husband fall in love with her daughter, Salomé, leading to him promising her whatever she wants. Salomé, obviously in line with the instructions of her mother, will ask for John's head. Everything goes as planned. John has been repeatedly insulting the royals, so the king does not think long before granting Salomé's wish. The crowd gathered for the party waits anxiously while the executioner, Mannaeus, kills John. The story ends with some of John's disciples awaiting the Messiah.
Sources of inspiration
[edit] |
- "A Simple Heart" was inspired by several events in Flaubert's own life: he also lived in a farmhouse in rural Normandy, he also was adrift in his studies, much like Paul. Most importantly, he had an epileptic seizure in the same way that Félicité does in the story.
- Gustave Flaubert wrote "A Simple Heart" under encouragement from his good friend and author George Sand.
- "The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitalier" was inspired by a large stained-glass window at Rouen Cathedral. Flaubert deliberately made his story markedly different from the story told in glass.
- "Hérodias" is based on the biblical figure of the same name. Flaubert based the section on the dance of Salomé from a bas-relief also at Rouen Cathedral and his own experience watching a young female dancer while in Egypt.
- "A Simple Heart" was the inspiration for Flaubert's Parrot, a literary novel by Julian Barnes.
- "Hérodias" is said to have influenced Oscar Wilde's Salome (1893) and Jules Massenet's opera Hérodiade (1881);[1] "The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitalier" was the basis for an opera of the same title by Camille Erlanger (1888).
- The story is described at length in Yann Martel's novel Beatrice and Virgil.
References
[edit]- ^ Gustave Flaubert: Three Tales: New York: Dover Publications: 2004 (back cover).
External links
[edit]- Flaubert's short fiction at Standard Ebooks
- Three Short Works at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
Enregistrement audiophonique de La Légende de saint Julien l'Hospitalier. Audio recording of The Legend of St. Julian the Hospitalier. Christian Rist's narration and voxography performance- Three Short Works public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Hérodias public domain audiobook at LibriVox (in French)
- La Légende de Saint Julien l'Hospitalier public domain audiobook at LibriVox (in French)
- Three Short Works at Google Books (scanned book)
- Trois contes at Project Gutenberg (in French)
- (in French) Un Coeur Simple with 1,200+ English annotations at Tailored Texts
- (in French) A Simple Heart, The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitalier and Herodias, Three Tales in
馬切拉塔的夸特裡諾描繪的聖朱利安
在另一個虔誠的傳說中，魔鬼偽裝成一位因旅途勞頓而虛弱的朝聖者，與其他旅人一起被允許進入收容所。午夜時分，惡魔醒來，在屋內肆虐，造成一片狼藉和破壞。第二天早上，朱利安看到損壞的景象，發誓再也不讓任何人進入他的家。他怒不可遏，下令所有人離開。耶穌再次以朝聖者的姿態來到他身邊，尋求安息。他謙卑地以上帝的名義請求庇護。但朱利安拒絕了。認出他之後，朱利安收回了自己的說法，並決定再次幫助所有需要幫助的人。 [1]
Saint Julian the Hospitaller[a] is a saint venerated in the Catholic Church[1] and Eastern Orthodox Church.[4][5] He is the patron saint of the cities of Ghent, Belgium; Saint Julian's, Malta; and Macerata, Italy.
History and patronage
[edit]The earliest known reference to Julian dates to the late twelfth century.[6]
There are three main theories of his origin:
- Born in Le Mans, France (possibly from confusion with Saint Julian of Le Mans)
- Born in Ath, Belgium, around 7 AD
- Born in Naples, Italy
The location of the hospitals built by him is also debated between the banks of the River Gardon in Provence and an island near the River Potenza heading to Macerata.
The Pater Noster (The Our Father, or Lord's Prayer) of Saint Julian can be found as early as 1353 in Boccaccio's Decameron, and is still passed on by word of mouth throughout some places in Italy. The account is included the 13th-century Legenda Aurea by the Genoan Jacobus de Voragine, a Dominican priest. Beautiful stained glass depicting Saint Julian by an unknown artist in Chartres Cathedral also dates back to the 13th century.[6] Early fresco paintings of him are found in Trento Cathedral (14th century) and the Palazzo Comunale di Assisi ('town hall').
Saint Julian is invoked as the patron of hospitality by travellers on a journey and far from home pray hoping to find safe lodging.[6]
Golden Legend
[edit]
According to Jacobus de Voragine, on the night Julian was born, his father, a man of noble blood, saw pagan witches secretly lay a curse on the boy that would make him kill both his parents. His father wanted to get rid of the child, but his mother did not let him do so. As the boy grew into a handsome young man, his mother would often burst into tears because of the sin her son was destined to commit. When he finally found out the reason for her tears, he swore he "would never commit such a sin" and "with great belief in Christ went off full of courage" as far away from his parents as he could.
Some versions say that it was his mother who told him at the age of 10, while others say it was a stag he met in the forest while hunting (a situation used in artistic depictions of the saint). After fifty days of walking he finally reached Galicia, where he married a "good woman", said to be a wealthy widow.
Twenty years later, his parents decided to go look for their now thirty-year-old son. When they arrived, they visited the altar of St James, son of Zebedee. On leaving the church they met a woman sitting on a chair outside, whom they asked for shelter for the night as they were tired. She took them in and told them that her husband, Julian, was out hunting. (This is why he is also known as the patron of hunters.) Having found their son, the mother and father were overjoyed, as was Julian's wife. She treated them well and gave them Julian's bed. But the devil went off seeking Julian and told him that his wife was with another man.[1]
Julian returned home and found two people asleep in his bed. Thinking that they were his wife and her lover, he killed them both. When he discovered his mistake, he vowed to spend the rest of his life doing charitable works. He and his wife made a pilgrimage to Rome.[1] They continued their travels until they came to a river crossing. There they built a hospice to welcome weary and sick travellers, and Julian assisted people in crossing the river.[2]
In another pious legend, the devil, disguised as a pilgrim weak from travel, was allowed into the hospice with other travellers. At midnight, the evildoer awoke, wreaked havoc in the house, causing mess and destruction. The following morning Julian saw the damage and swore never to let anyone else into his home. He was so furious he had everyone leave. Jesus went to him, again as a pilgrim, seeking rest. He asked humbly, in the name of God, for shelter. But Julian refused. After recognizing him, Julian retracted his statement and decided to help all those who needed it once again.[1]
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