李克強( ( Li Keqiang)1955-2023)弱勢的十年總理路 李克强逝世 各界反应; 習近平批李克強,2015 FT訪談李克強:中國無意挑戰國際秩序
感動我的 (11): 《韓石泉醫師的生命故事》。近畿大學成功完成鰻魚養殖。談 李克強(1955-2023)年輕時代二事;參與[英]丹宁勋爵著《法律的正當程序》之翻譯; 參加89天安門閉門會議 。紐約時報二篇:習近平批/罩李克強 (Li Keqiang, Chinese Premier Eclipsed by Xi Jinping),...中國哀悼李及晶寄希望 (Loss of Economic Hope)。英國二小事:老電話亭 Britain's iconic red phone boxes get new lease of life. ;順手偷(Shoplifting)在英國 (1977~2023)。 關於刊物文誌的壽命 《幼獅月刊》1953.1.1《幼獅文藝》1954~2023 《皇冠月刊》1954~ ;廖玉蕙文章。
Another chapter in Xi Jinping's annus horribilis: his former premier dies of a heart attack and critics are quick to say the wrong leader died... My analysis via Council on Foreign Relations
今年59歲的李克強來自農業省份安徽,是一名中共基層乾部的兒子。在1966年至1976年的文革結束前後,李克強有四年時間在農村的土地上辛苦勞作。1978年,他成為恢復高考後被北京大學法律系錄取的首屆學生。 李克強就讀中國這所最著名高等學府時,正趕上中國版的“開放”(glasnost)期,那是一段向長期被禁的西方政治思想敞開大門的非凡歲月。他與其他學生一道翻譯了已故英國資深法官丹寧勛爵(Lord Denning)所著的《法律的正當程序》(The Due Process of Law)。當時的同班同學說,李克強受到了一些自由派教授的影響,這些教授中的一些人篤信憲政民主。
新 加坡國立大學(National University of Singapore)教授薄智躍說,李克強必須改變自己的思維方式,以便在官僚環境下取得成功,但李克強內心深處實際上是一個自由派,無論是政治方面還是 經濟方面。李克強在北大求學時,薄智躍也是北大學生,並且認識李克強。薄智躍說,從思想觀念上說,他非常開放。
In late 1978, a group of Chinese law students were on a field trip to the eastern city of Nanjing when they first heard that dissidents in Beijing were pasting political poems, pamphlets and slogans on a brick wall downtown.
Among the students, according to one of them, was Li Keqiang, the man who on Thursday took the No. 2 slot in a new Communist Party leadership and is set to become premier and chief steward of the world's second-largest economy in March.
At first, some of the students in Nanjing wanted to rush back to Beijing to join the 'Democracy Wall' movement. But their professor forbade them, warning that the movement would be short-lived. The students stayed in Nanjing; the Democracy Wall was shut down and many of those who used it were jailed.
The episode gives a taste of the heady atmosphere in which Mr. Li was first exposed to Western concepts of law and politics while studying at Peking University from 1978 to 1982偉an era of unusual openness following the death of Chairman Mao Zedong and the launch of market-oriented reforms.
One of the key questions surrounding this week's leadership change is whether Mr. Li will draw on his education to encourage the kind of reforms that the current premier, Wen Jiabao, often spoke about but never delivered.
Much will depend on his relationship with Xi Jinping, who replaced Hu Jintao as party chief on Thursday.
Mr. Li is one of only two prot嗷g嗷s of Mr. Hu in the new seven-man leadership and was his first choice as successor, according to party insiders. Mr. Xi and four others are backed by Mr. Hu's predecessor, Jiang Zemin.
But Mr. Li was given an early boost when he garnered the second rank in the party: Mr. Wen had only been No. 3, with the No. 2 spot held by the head of China's rubber-stamp parliament. Perhaps more important, Mr. Li is the only member of the new leadership apart from Mr. Xi who will stay on beyond the next five-year term, and more Hu allies could join the body in 2017.
Mr. Li is no Mikhail Gorbachev: He has toed the party line for his entire career and his patron, Mr. Hu, has presided over a decade in which economic reforms stalled and some political freedoms were rolled back, analysts say. But his exposure to Western ideas as a student, and the eclectic careers pursued by many of his contemporaries, set him apart from many in both the previous and the new generation of leaders, according to party insiders and political analysts.
He is also one of the few leaders with relatively fluent English.
'He has had to modify his way of thinking to succeed in a bureaucratic environment, but deep down Li Keqiang is really a liberal, politically and economically,' said Bo Zhiyue, a professor at the National University of Singapore, who was a contemporary and an acquaintance of Mr. Li's at Peking University. 'Intellectually, he's very open.'
Like other members of the new Standing Committee, including Mr. Xi, Mr. Li is part of a generation who were taken out of school as teenagers and sent into the countryside for 're-education' during the turmoil of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution.
What makes him different偉especially from Mr. Xi, whose father was a famous revolutionary偉is that he relied solely on his talents to win a university place and was among the first students since 1949 to study Western law and political theory.
Mr. Xi, according to his own accounts, secured his escape from the countryside and a place at Beijing's Tsinghua University in 1975 thanks to lobbying by local party officials and his own father. At that time, the university was still in chaos and many teachers had not returned from internal exile.
Mr. Li was one of the 'Class of '77' who won their university places in the most competitive entry examinations in China's history in 1977偉the year after Mao's deaths when exams were revived after a long hiatus amid the Cultural Revolution turmoil.
His contemporaries at Peking University included several people who later became involved in the pro-democracy demonstrations around Tiananmen Square in 1989, which were crushed by the military, bringing to an end the decade of relative political openness.
In their spare time, students used to congregate in an area known as the 'Triangle' to exchange books, music and ideas. They listened to songs by Teresa Teng, a Taiwanese pop star whose music was banned for being too sensual.
'In this period, knowledge was expanding with the speed of an explosion,' Mr. Li wrote in a brief memoir of his student days published in 2008. 'I came here looking not just for knowledge, but to mold a kind of temperament, to master a kind of academic discipline.'
Classmates remember Mr. Li as a quiet, obsessively hardworking student who spent much of his time trying to master English. 'He recited it while he was walking, while queuing to eat in the canteen, even when riding or waiting for the bus,' recalled He Qinhua, a classmate, in a memoir.
Contemporaries say he wasn't particularly close to those who went on to become dissidents.
But Mr. Li was strongly influenced by one of his professors, Gong Xiangrui, who had studied at the London School of Economics in the 1930s and who publicly advocated the virtues of a multiparty system.
Mr. Gong chose Mr. Li to be part of a group to help translate the book 'The Due Process of Law' by Lord Denning, the British jurist, and to prepare a new book on administrative law.
One of the others who helped translate Lord Denning's book was Yang Baikui, a fellow student who was jailed for 11 months for his role in the 1989 demonstrations.
Mr. Li, though, distanced himself from experimental competitive elections for one student body, and instead climbed through the ranks of the Communist system.
Graduating in 1982, he spent 15 years in the Communist Youth League, but returned to Peking University to do a part-time master's degree in economics under professor Li Yining, an early advocate of market reforms, known as 'Mr. Shareholding.'
Li Keqiang wrote his thesis on urbanization偉something Chinese officials repeatedly pointed out in recent meetings with one Western banker. Urbanization is a critical issue for China over the next decade as leaders try to rebalance its economy by stimulating domestic consumption, especially among rural migrants.
His academic and administrative records stand in contrast to those of Mr. Wen, who studied geology and spent the first 14 years of his career working as a geologist in China's remote northwest. He had never been a minister or run a province when he became premier.
Mr. Li has governed Henan, China's most populous province, and Liaoning, one of its most industrialized. Most recently, he has been executive vice premier, helping Mr. Wen to run the economy.
Mr. Li's record in government has been competent if unremarkable.
Some blame him for a scandal in Henan, in which tens of thousands of people were infected with HIV after giving to blood banks in the 1990s. Classmates say that the problem began under Mr. Li's predecessor in Henan.
In Liaoning, Mr. Li is remembered for spearheading a plan to renovate slums and improve housing for a million people. As vice premier, he also championed a campaign to build 36 million affordable homes by 2015, arguing that social housing helps to boost consumption.
U.S. officials say Mr. Li sounds more sincere about rebalancing China's economy than Mr. Wen, who they believed sometimes was just going through the motions. In fact, Mr. Li often uses the word 'urbanization' instead of 'rebalancing.'
Mr. Li also endorsed publication this year of a report called 'China 2030' prepared by the World Bank and China's state-backed Development Research Center, which advocated breaking apart powerful state sector monopolies.
His views on political reform are less clear, but classmates say he has a clear understanding of the weakness of China's legal system as many of his close friends are lawyers, judges and law professors.
'He understands the problem,' said one classmate. 'The question is: Can he change the system, or has the system changed him?'
JEREMY PAGE 偉Bob Davis contributed to this article.
Class of '77
Li Keqiang won entry to Peking University in a year of record competition for a spot. Among his contemporaries:
Wang Shaoguang 偉 'New leftist' professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Zhang Wei 偉 Onetime party highflier who resigned after Tiananmen and went on to teach economics at Cambridge
He Qinhua 偉 President of the East China University of Political Science and Law
Wang Juntao 偉 Publisher of an underground magazine in the 1980s who spent four years in prison after the Tiananmen crackdown and went into exile in the U.S.
Du Chun 偉 Director of the Ministry of Justice's Department for Directing Lawyers and Notarization
Yang Baikui 偉 Jailed on 'counterrevolutionary' charges after helping to write petitions in the 1989 demonstrations
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