AI Overview
Princeton University has several prominent faculty members specializing in Shi'ism, Islamic fundamentalism, and modern Middle Eastern religious thought. Key experts include
Hossein Modarressi (Shi'ite doctrine), Tehseen Thaver (Shi'ism, Qur'an), Muhammad Qasim Zaman (modern Islamic thought), and Bernard Haykel (Middle Eastern studies). They explore topics such as Iranian history, scriptural engagement, and sectarianism.- Hossein Modarressi: Based in the Department of Near Eastern Studies, he is a specialist in Shi'ite doctrine and Islamic law, with a background from the seminary at Qum, Iran.
- Tehseen Thaver: Assistant Professor of Religion specializing in Shi'ism, Qur'anic interpretation, and the religious culture of Iran, including work on Persian Qur'an commentary.
- Muhammad Qasim Zaman: Robert H. Niehaus '77 Professor of Near Eastern Studies and Religion, focusing on the history of Islam, including topics on authority and modern Islamic thought.
- Bernard Haykel: Professor of Near Eastern Studies and expert on the contemporary Middle East, frequently discussing political Islam and Iran.
Other relevant faculty include Max Weiss (Associate Faculty, focusing on Modern Middle East History and Shiʿism in Lebanon).
| Supreme Leadership Authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran | |
|---|---|
| رهبر جمهوری اسلامی ایران | |
 | |
 | |
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| Office of the Supreme Leader | |
| Style | His Eminence |
| Type | Head of state (de jure)[1] Commander-in-chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces Supervisor of the three branches of the state (the Judiciary, the Legislature, and the Executive)[2][3] |
| Residence | Jamaran Hussainiya (former) House of Leadership (former; destroyed) |
| Seat | Tehran |
| Appointer | Assembly of Experts |
| Term length | Life tenure[4] |
| Constituting instrument | Constitution of Iran |
| Precursor | Leader of the Revolution[a] |
| Formation | 3 December 1979 |
| First holder | Ruhollah Khomeini |
| Succession | Interim Leadership Council if the office is vacant |
| Deputy | Deputy Supreme Leader (1985–1989) |
| Website | www.leader.ir |
The Islamic Republic of Iran has in its history had three supreme leaders: Khomeini, who held the position from 1979 until his death in 1989; Ali Khamenei, who held the position from Khomeini's death until his assassination in 2026; and Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei, who has held the position since 2026.[35][36]
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人工智慧概述
1979 年由什葉派原教旨主義驅動的伊朗革命重塑了中東政治格局，引發了與沙烏地阿拉伯的新「冷戰」。普林斯頓大學出版社等機構的學者對此動態進行了分析。政治伊斯蘭的興起是對世俗化、西式統治的否定。~丹佛大學
關於 1979 年什葉派轉變及相關宗教研究的關鍵點包括：
1979 年轉捩點：伊朗伊斯蘭革命將什葉派推向政治舞台，從根本上改變了中東的權力平衡。
原教旨主義的根源：20 世紀 70 年代末，一場更廣泛的全球宗教復興浪潮興起，這通常是對世俗國家失敗的一種回應，宗教原教旨主義研究對此進行了重點闡述。
學術觀點：普林斯頓大學等機構的著作經常探討宗教、暴力政治以及（如亞歷克斯·丹切夫的研究所示）「收起利劍」之間的交集。意識形態衝突：根據宗教原教旨主義的討論，宗教原教旨主義（包括伊斯蘭教和其他形式的原教旨主義）的興起，通常圍繞著回歸其所認定的“基本”信條以及反對現代化/西方化展開。丹佛大學
AI Overview
The 1979 Iranian Revolution, driven by Shi'a fundamentalism, reshaped Middle Eastern politics, sparking a new "Cold War" with Saudi Arabia, a dynamic analyzed by scholars like those from
Princeton University Press. This surge in political Islam was a rejection of secular, Westernized rule.Key points regarding the 1979 Shi'a shift and related religious studies include:
- 1979 Turning Point: The Islamic Revolution in Iran propelled Shi'ism into a political force, fundamentally altering the power balance in the Middle East.
- Roots of Fundamentalism: A broader global wave of religious revivalism emerged in the late 1970s, often as a response to perceived failure of secular states, as highlighted in studies on Religious Fundamentalism.
- Scholarly Perspectives: Works from institutions such as Princeton often examine the intersection of religion, violent politics, and, as in studies by Alex Danchev, "sheathing the sword".
- Ideological Conflict: The rise of religious fundamentalism, both Islamic and other forms, often centers on a return to perceived "fundamental" tenets and an opposition to modernization/Westernization, according to discussions on religious fundamentalism.
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