重讀 《戴明領導手冊 》(1999 拙譯) 匠的紀錄、THE SOUL OF MACHINE， 福特野馬出的開發，IBM 360 ， JAPAN TOP INVENTIONS/NHK ，OKURA HOTEL 等等。日本文化魅力行銷，KANO Model：自動販賣機的行銷與技術/冷凍食品自動販賣機 2018； 透過月球岩石探索宇宙奧秘 2026；2025 變革 美國史中，改變歷史的女子(劉易斯與克拉克遠征（1804-1806 年）的核心人物)： 劉易斯、威廉·克拉克和薩卡加維亞(十幾歲的肖肖尼族女子薩卡加維亞擔任翻譯，她作為嚮導、和平的象徵和食物來源，發揮了不可或缺的作用)是劉易斯與克拉克遠征（1804-1806 年）的核心人物，他們受傑斐遜總統委派，探索路易斯安那購地。

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• Joel來談日本

  過去幾乎遍布街角的日本自動販賣機，現在正一步步減少。日本雖然一直被視為全球少數的「自販機大國」，但在物價持續上漲的局面下，消費者愈來愈在意價格差距。和超市、超商、藥妝店相比，自動販賣機的飲料通常賣得更貴，原本仰賴便利性撐住的優勢，這幾年明顯被削弱。Pokka Sapporo Food & Beverage 今年 3 月宣布出售自販機事業，預計 10 月把約 4 萬台設備轉讓給大阪的 Life Drink Company，也反映這門生意已經不再像過去那樣穩定。

  自動販賣機衰退的壓力來自好幾個方向。原料與物流成本上升，飲料售價一再調漲，但消費者在節省支出的心態下，購買意願沒有跟著增加。另外，自動販賣機本身的維護、人力補貨、巡檢與營運成本卻持續墊高。像是 Pokka Sapporo 在新年度，決定重新分配經營資源，與其繼續廣泛經營各類飲料，不如把重心集中在檸檬飲料、茶類和氣泡水。這種「選擇與集中」的經營模式，已經成了不少飲料業者面對自販機困境時的共同方向。

  不只 Pokka Sapporo 退場，其他大型業者也在縮編。DyDo Group Holdings 今年 3 月宣布，將在 2027 年 1 月前，從全國 27 萬台設備中撤掉約 2 萬台虧損機台，DyDo 也不諱言當前最優先的事，就是先止血。Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan Holdings 在 2025 年 12 月期決算中，主要因自販機業務認列 904 億日圓減損損失；伊藤園在 2025 年 5 月到 2026 年 1 月的決算中，也針對自販機業務認列 137 億日圓減損，之後還打算把業務移交子公司。

  根據 DyDo 的說法，飲料自販機市場規模約 1 兆日圓，占整體飲料市場約 2 成，但這塊原本重要的獲利來源，如今已不再穩固。到了去年秋天，主要品牌 500 毫升瓶裝飲料的建議售價已來到未稅 200 日圓，價格壓力自然更容易把消費者推向其他通路。

  真正改變市場結構的，還有零售端的價格戰。三大超商靠 PB 商品（自有品牌商品）壓低售價，超市與藥妝店則用大量進貨換取更低成本，甚至把便宜飲料當成吸引客人的工具。加上愈來愈多人為了環保和省錢隨身攜帶水瓶，自動販賣機的使用頻率持續下降。飲料總研的資料顯示，販售清涼飲料的自動販賣機，2025 年稼動台數已降到 195 萬台，和 2014 年的 247 萬台相比，減幅超過 2 成。

  不過，自動販賣機並沒有因此全面失去價值。Suntory Beverage & Food 推出的法人輕食販售服務「Bossmart」，販售零食、麵包與泡麵，自 2020 年 4 月以來已在職場等地設置 2 萬台，導入續用率高達 99％。JR 東日本 Cross Station 也在 3 月 26 日於 JR 小田原站驗票口內設置冷藏「車站便當自販機」，讓熱門便當在沒有店員的情況下也能販售。飲料生意雖然吹逆風，但只要找到更能賺錢的場域與商品，自動販賣機仍可能在不同需求裡找到新的活路。

  參考資料：朝日新聞
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  Japan's bespoke leather shoes are admired around the world, and there is even a Japanese leader in the realm of shoeshining. We explore the skills and services in Japan's leather shoemaking industry.

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  日本的訂製皮鞋享譽全球，甚至在擦鞋領域也出自日本之手。我們將深入探索日本皮鞋製造業的技藝與服務。

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  跟著我們的記者，探索日本知名產品背後的故事。本期主題：冷凍食品自動販賣機:00

劉易斯、威廉·克拉克和薩卡加維亞(十幾歲的肖肖尼族女子薩卡加維亞擔任翻譯，她作為嚮導、和平的象徵和食物來源，發揮了不可或缺的作用)是劉易斯與克拉克遠征（1804-1806 年）的核心人物，他們受傑斐遜總統委派，探索路易斯安那購地。

The Economist

The Lewis and Clark expedition yielded a cornucopia of discoveries that accelerated the westward expansion of the United States. It offers two competing views of history https://econ.st/4p0SzXI

Illustration: Joel Kimmel

AI Overview




Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacagawea were central figures in the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), exploring the Louisiana Purchase for President Jefferson; Lewis and Clark led the Corps of Discovery, while Sacagawea, a teenage Shoshone woman and interpreter, proved invaluable as a guide, symbol of peace, and resource for finding food, significantly aiding their journey to the Pacific and back, a landmark in American exploration.
Meriwether Lewis & William Clark:Leaders: Appointed by President Thomas Jefferson to chart the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific.
Skills: Lewis was a skilled naturalist and leader, while Clark excelled as a cartographer (mapmaker) and diplomat with Native American tribes, notes Britannica.
Sacagawea:Background: A Lemhi Shoshone woman, kidnapped as a child by the Hidatsa and later sold to French-Canadian fur trader Toussaint Charbonneau, whom she married.
Role in Expedition:Interpreter: Her Shoshone language skills were crucial for communicating with tribes, especially the Shoshone, from whom they obtained horses needed to cross the Rockies.
Guide: Identified edible plants and guided them through unfamiliar terrain, says nps.gov.
Symbol of Peace: Her presence, along with her infant son Jean Baptiste (born during the journey), signaled the expedition's peaceful intentions to other tribes.
Expedition's Significance:A first successful transcontinental journey for the U.S., bringing back vast knowledge of the West.
Strengthened the idea of "manifest destiny," fueling westward expansion, notes Wikipedia.
Aftermath:Sacagawea returned to the Mandan villages, but her later life is less documented, with her passing generally believed to be around 1812.
Lewis died in 1809 under mysterious circumstances, likely suicide, while Clark went on to become a territorial governor and Indian agent, say Nebraska Studies and History.com.









Lewis and Clark: Expedition, Purpose & Facts | HISTORYNov 8, 2009 — Sacagawea. In 1804, Jefferson sends a team to explore lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery ...story.com


Meriwether Lewis - WikipediaExpedition west ... The two-year exploration by Lewis and Clark was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by ...

Wikipedia




Lewis and Clark for Kids | Learn about the Louis and Clark ...Aug 31, 2022 — these men were chosen for their expertise in hunting woodcutting craftsmanship and other necessary skills for the long...


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Lewis and Clark Expedition



Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Lewis_and_Clark_Exp...