能用它來談2026年的 AI 嗎：某 AI 大師譚 讓‧皮亞傑的一句話："Intelligence is not what you know, it's what you do when you don't know" 約翰·霍爾特在1964年出版的一本書中對其進行了重新表述並使其廣為人知：“智力的真正考驗不在於我們知道多少，而在於當我們不知道該做什麼時，我們的行
我想起了發展心理學先驅讓‧皮亞傑一句精彩卻又似曾相識的名言：
“L'intelligence, ce n'est pas ce que l'on sait, mais ce que l'on fait quand on ne sait pas.”
“智力不是你知道什麼，而是當你不知道時你做什麼。”
顯然，這並非皮亞傑的原話，而是他對這主題觀點的總結。心理學家約翰·霍爾特在1964年出版的一本書中對其進行了重新表述並使其廣為人知：“智力的真正考驗不在於我們知道多少，而在於當我們不知道該做什麼時，我們的行為方式。”
這些簡單的引言闡明了當今人工智慧領域的許多問題：
- 為什麼累積陳述性知識看似智力，但其實並非智力？
- 為什麼累積技能看似智力，但其實並非智力？
- 為什麼無需事先訓練就能「零基礎」解決新問題的能力是衡量智力的重要指標？
- 為什麼智力並非一系列後天習得的技能，而是無需或只需極少訓練就能快速掌握新技能的能力？
我們對現實的認知模型使我們能夠預測自身行為的後果，從而具備規劃能力，最終使我們能夠在無需事先訓練的情況下理解和應對新情況。
I was reminded of this wonderful, yet apocryphal, quote by developmental psychology pioneer Jean Piaget:
"L'intelligence, ce n'est pas ce que l'on sait, mais ce que l'on fait quand on ne sait pas."
"Intelligence is not what you know, it's what you do when you don't know"
Apparently this is not a real quote but a synthesis of Piaget's positions on the topic. Psychologist John Holt reformulated and popularized it in a 1964 book: "The true test of intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we don't know what to do."
These simple quotes clarify many questions surrounding AI today:
- Why the accumulation of declarative knowledge seems like Intelligence but is not intelligence.
- Why the accumulation of skills seems like intelligence but is not intelligence.
- Why the ability to solve new problems "zero shot" without prior training on said problem is an important metric of intelligence.
- Why intelligence is not a collection of learned skills but an ability to acquire new skills very quickly, with very little or no training.
Our mental model of reality gives us the ability to predict the consequences of our actions, which gives us the ability to plan, which gives us the ability to apprehend new situations without prior training
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