《尼伯龙根的指环》中的神話及其解構
理查德・瓦格纳（Richard Wagner，1913―1883），德国著名浪漫主义作曲家、剧作家。早年作有《C大调交响曲》及管弦乐序曲、歌曲等。1872年于巴伐利亚自建剧院， 演出其四联歌剧。在歌剧改革中，废除传统歌剧的“分曲”结构，代之以“场景”式连缀结构。采用大规模乐队编制，广泛使用贯穿全剧的主导 动机和半音阶和声手段，充分发挥交响乐的戏剧性表现功能。其歌剧还有《瑞音兹》、《漂泊的荷兰人》、《汤豪舍》、《罗英格林》、《特里斯坦和伊索尔德》和 《帕西法尔》等。论著有《歌剧与戏剧》、《艺术与革命》、《未来的艺术作品》等。
- 作者： （法）勒內·基拉爾
- 譯者： 曹丹紅,張貝,張義斐
- 出版社：上海人民出版社
- 出版日期：2025/09/01
本書是以一部訪談紀錄片《歷史感》的攝製為契機編撰的文集。文集以“藝術應該加劇時代的焦慮”為起點，收錄了法國人類學家、法蘭西院士基拉爾寫于1950年代到1980年代末的文章，從其獨特的人類學視角出發，對馬爾羅、普魯斯特、聖-瓊·佩斯、司湯達、瓦萊里、尼采、瓦格納等藝術家進行了再解讀，主要探討了摹仿慾望及其在藝術作品中的體現，以及對這一慾望的書寫與表達帶來的小說與藝術形式的轉變，並思考了藝術在當今時代的人類學價值，以及現代精神的未來出路。本書前五篇文章是作者早期離開歐洲時的作品，它們尤其揭示了基拉爾著名的摹仿理論的起源，呈現了基拉爾從文藝批評逐漸走向人類學研究的理論進路。
著：勒內·基拉爾(René Girard，1923—2015)，當代最具影響的思想家之一，人類學家，法蘭西學院院士，美國斯坦福大學與杜克大學終身教授。因創立“慾望-模仿”理論享有國際盛譽，在文學、哲學、心理學等領域產生深刻影響。主要作品有《祭牲與成神：初民社會的秩序》《慾望幾何學》《浪漫的謊言與小說的真實》《莎士比亞：慾望之火》等。
譯：曹丹紅，1999年進入南京大學法語專業學習，2008年取得博士學位。現為南京大學外國語學院副教授、碩士生導師，法國巴黎索邦大學訪問學者。主要研究方向為翻譯學、法國文論。已翻譯出版《日常生活頌歌》《柏拉圖的理想國》《身體日記》《馬拉美：塞壬的政治》《批評與臨床》(合譯)《藝術家的責任》(合譯)等多部法國重要文學與社科類著作。
- 摹仿與慾望的關係：基拉爾認為，人的慾望並非自發，而是模仿他人的慾望。藝術，尤其是小說，完美地捕捉了這種「模仿的慾望」如何導致衝突和戲劇性。
- 從文藝批評到人類學：他早期分析莎士比亞、塞凡提斯等作家，發現文學中的英雄與反英雄，正是模仿與內在化中介（interior mediator）作用的展現。這促使他將文學分析方法擴展到更廣泛的人類學現象。
- 藝術形式的演變：基拉爾觀察到，隨著社會的發展，藝術（特別是小說）越來越關注個體內心的模仿衝突，反映了現代社會中個人主義與社會規範的緊張關係。
- 藝術的「解放」功能：藝術作品透過揭示模仿機制，讓讀者或觀眾看清慾望的盲目性，這種對「替罪羊」機制的揭示，本身就具有一種解放和啟示的力量。
基拉爾的「藝術的轉向」不是藝術本身有什麼特別的轉變（如當代藝術風格），而是他如何透過「藝術」（主要是文學）這個載體，來研究人類社會普遍存在的「模仿」現象，從而建構他獨特的人類學理論。
René Girard (1923-2015)《欲望的先知：勒内·基拉尔的對話 》《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》摹仿性慾望“三角”欲望Mimetic desire；《替罪羊》；《雙重束縛:文學、摹仿及人類學文集》
René Girard, whose explorations of literature and myth helped establish influential theories about how people are motivated to want things, died on Nov. 4 at his home in Stanford, Calif. He was 91.
Martha Girard, his wife of 64 years, confirmed his death.
Professor Girard, who was born in France, had lived and taught in the United States since 1950 but continued to write in French, amassing close to 30 works of analysis, essays and interviews. Writers like Karen Armstrong, Simon Schama and J. M. Coetzee have cited his work, and Peter Thiel, a founder of PayPal, the digital payment company, credits Professor Girard with inspiring him to switch careers and become an early, and well-rewarded, investor in Facebook.
Professor Girard’s central idea was that human motivation is based on desire. People are free, he believed, but seek things in life based on what other people want. Their imitation of those desires, which he termed mimesis, is imitated by others in turn, leading to escalating and often destructive competition.
His first work, published in French in 1961 and in English in 1965 as “Deceit, Desire, and the Novel,” introduced this idea through readings of classic novels. Over time, the idea has been used to explain financial bubbles, where things of little intrinsic value are increasingly bid up in the hope of financial gain. It has also been cited to explain why people unsatisfied by high-status jobs pursue them anyway.
Both the European commission and parliament step up their criticism against Hungary's latest constitutional changes. With core European values at risk, the call for infringement procedures gets louder by the day.
The Red and the Black: Mimetic Desire and the Myth of Celebrity (Twayne's Masterwork Studies)
Also in the Book Review
P. J. O'Rourke: By the Book
Hawaii is shortening the school year by 17 days. Poor kids. The heck are they supposed to do in Hawaii with 17 days off? — Will Durst
- On René Girard – born on Christmas Day 1923 – a French thinker in revolt against Freud and post-structuralismTHE-TLS.CO.UK
Searching for a scapegoat | Huw Nesbitt
As an adolescent René Girard was more scallywag than scholar, lucky tRené Girard (1923-2015)
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 北京：三聯*，1998
作者: [法] 勒内·基拉尔
出版社: 北京大学出版社
原作名: Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque
译者: 罗芃
出版年: 2012-· · · · · ·
《培文书系·法兰西文化译丛：浪漫的谎言与小说的真实》是一本介于哲学、社会学和文学批评之间的著作。作者分析了塞万提斯、斯丹达尔、福楼拜、陀思妥耶夫斯基和普鲁斯特等五位西方经典小说家的作品，不过他的目光并不局限于文学研究，而是投向了人的意识的深层世界。什么是人的欲望？人的欲望真的是本能的产物吗？作者企图从一个全新的视角对这些问题做出自己的回答。《培文书系·法兰西文化译丛：浪漫的谎言与小说的真实》1961年出版后，“基拉尔主义”在法国乃至欧美曾为知识界所热议。
作者简介 · · · · · ·
勒内·基拉尔（Rene Girard），法国当代著名哲学家、人类学家，1923年生，在美国印第安那大学获博士学位，先后在霍普金斯、斯坦福等大学执教，主要著作除本书外，还有《暴力与神圣》、《莎士比亚：欲望之火》等。
罗芃，北京大学外国语学院法语系教授，欧美文学研究中心副主任，博士生导师，全国法国文学研究会副会长，外国文学研究会理事。多年从事法国文学教学与研究，主要著译作品有《法国文化史》，《欧洲文学史》，《狄德罗精选集》、《人世之初》、《舒昂党人》、《巴马修道院》，《美学纲要》、《世界艺术史》等。René Girard (1923-2015)《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》目录 · · · · · ·
第一章 “三角”的的
第二章 人将互为上帝
第三章 欲望的变形
第四章 主人和奴隶
第五章 红与黑
第六章 斯丹达尔、塞万提斯和福楼拜作品中的技巧问题
第七章 主人公的苦修
第八章 受虐癖和施虐癖
第九章 普鲁斯特的世界
第十章 普鲁斯特和陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的技巧问题
第十一章 陀思妥耶夫斯基启示录
第十二章 结论
再版后记目錄
*1998年版本，第4頁，
當時，不知道
Jules de Gaultier (born in 1858 in Paris, died in 1942 in Boulogne-sur-Mer), born Jules Achille de Gaultier de Laguionie, was a French philosopher and essayist. He was a contributor to Mercure de France and one of the chief advocates of "nietzscheism" in vogue in the literary circles of the day. He was known especially for his theory of "bovarysme" (the name taken from Flaubert's novel), by which he meant the continual need of humans to invent themselves, to lie to themselves. His books include De Kant à Nietzsche (1900) and Le Bovarysme, essai sur le pouvoir d'imaginer (1902).[1]
希望2012年的再版後記更新。
《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。- mimetic desire : imitation is an aspect of behaviour that not only affects learning but also desire, and imitated desire is a cause of conflict,
Girard's thought[edit]
Mimetic desire[edit]
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) After almost a decade of teaching French literature in the United States, Girard began to develop a new way of speaking about literary texts. Beyond the "uniqueness" of individual works, he looked for their common structural properties, having observed that characters in great fiction evolved in a system of relationships otherwise common to the wider generality of novels. But there was a distinction to be made:So there did indeed exist "psychological laws" as Proust calls them.[7] These laws and this system are the consequences of a fundamental reality grasped by the novelists, which Girard called "the mimetic character of desire." This is the content of his first book, Deceit, Desire and the Novel (1961). We borrow our desires from others. Far from being autonomous, our desire for a certain object is always provoked by the desire of another person—the model—for this same object. This means that the relationship between the subject and the object is not direct: there is always a triangular relationship of subject, model, and object. Through the object, one is drawn to the model, whom Girard calls the mediator: it is in fact the model who is sought. Girard calls desire "metaphysical" in the measure that, as soon as a desire is something more than a simple need or appetite, "all desire is a desire to be",[6] it is an aspiration, the dream of a fullness attributed to the mediator.Mediation is external when the mediator of the desire is socially beyond the reach of the subject or, for example, a fictional character, as in the case of Amadis de Gaula and Don Quixote. The hero lives a kind of folly that nonetheless remains optimistic. Mediation is internal when the mediator is at the same level as the subject. The mediator then transforms into a rival and an obstacle to the acquisition of the object, whose value increases as the rivalry grows. This is the universe of the novels of Stendhal, Flaubert, Proust and Dostoevsky, which are particularly studied in this book.Through their characters, our own behaviour is displayed. Everyone holds firmly to the illusion of the authenticity of one's own desires; the novelists implacably expose all the diversity of lies, dissimulations, maneuvers, and the snobbery of the Proustian heroes; these are all but "tricks of desire", which prevent one from facing the truth: envy and jealousy. These characters, desiring the being of the mediator, project upon him superhuman virtues while at the same time depreciating themselves, making him a god while making themselves slaves, in the measure that the mediator is an obstacle to them. Some, pursuing this logic, come to seek the failures that are the signs of the proximity of the ideal to which they aspire. This can manifest as a heightened experience of the universal pseudo-masochism inherent in seeking the unattainable, which can, of course, turn into sadism should the actor play this part in reverse[citation needed].This fundamental focus on mimetic desire would be pursued by Girard throughout the rest of his career. The stress on imitation in humans was not a popular subject when Girard developed his theories[citation needed], but today there is independent support for his claims coming from empirical research in psychology and neuroscience (see below).
René Girard 勒內·基拉爾1923-2015, Walter BurkertRené Girard, the French-born philosopher of history, anthropology, and theology, died this week. At the heart of his work was a search for the origin of religion, violence and war
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard
René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon , France) is a French historian , literary critic , and philosopher of social science. His work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy . He is the author of several books (see below ), in which he developed the following ideas:- mimetic desire : imitation is an aspect of behaviour that not only affects learning but also desire, and imitated desire is a cause of conflict,
- the scapegoat mechanism is the origin of sacrifice and the foundation of human culture , and religion was necessary in human evolution to control the violence that can come from mimetic rivalry,
- the Bible reveals the two previous ideas and denounces the scapegoat mechanism.
雙重束縛:文學、摹仿及人類學文集
勒內·基拉爾是當代最才華橫溢、正強好勝、發人深省的思想家之一……他渴望論戰、充滿激情、堅定專一，他是一個偶像破壞者，毫不猶豫地同諸如弗洛伊德、列維繫-斯特勞斯、德勒茲和拉康等人交鋒……作者： (法)勒內﹒ 基拉爾(Rene Girard)劉舒陳明珠 出版社： 華夏出版社 出版日期： 2006-01 自嚴復譯泰西政法諸書至本世紀四十年代，漢語學界中的有識之士深感與西學相遇乃漢語思想史無前例 的重大事變，孜孜以求西學堂奧，憑著個人的禀賦和志趣選譯西學經典，翻譯大家輩出。可以理解的是，其時學界對西方思想統緒的認識剛剛起步，選擇西學經典難免帶有相當的隨意性。五十年代後期，新中國政府規范西學經典譯業，整編四十年代遺稿，統一制訂新的選題計劃，幾十年來寸累銖積，至八十年代中期形成振裘挈領的"漢譯世界學術名著“體系。雖然開牖後學之功萬不容沒，這套名著體系的設計仍受當時學界的教條主義限制。”思想不外義理和製度兩端"(康有為語)，涉及義理和製度的西方思想典籍未有譯成漢語的，實際未在少數。目錄
人類學的“慾望”與古典/中譯本前言(劉小楓)
引言
1.保羅和弗朗西斯卡的摹仿性慾望
2.重審加繆的局外人
3.地下評論
4.瘋癲之略——尼采、瓦格納和陀思妥耶夫斯基
5.成體系的精神錯亂
6.危險的平衡：一種喜劇理論
7.文學和神話中的瘟疫
8.列維一斯特勞斯和當代理論中的區分與互反性
9.神話文本中的暴力和表現
10.與勒內·基拉爾的訪談
*
**主要作者 基拉爾( Girard , René , 1923- ) Girard , René 1923- 書名/作者 替罪羊/ 勒內.吉拉爾(René Girard)著; 馮壽農譯 出版項 台北市: 臉譜出版: 城邦文化發行, 2004[民93] 版本項 初版 附註 作者改譯基拉爾 含參考書目 譯自 Le bouc emissaire ISBN/價格 986-7896-90-4 平裝 標題 lc Jesus Christ Passion 神學 lc Violence Religious aspects Christianity lc Persecution lc Scapegoat 其他作者 馮壽農
主要作者Girard , René , 1923-書名/作者Mimesis and theory : essays on literature and criticism, 1953-2005 / René Girard ; edited and with an introduction by Robert Doran 出版項Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2008 PN511 G48 2008René Girard (1923-2015)
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
heck
interj.
Used as a mild oath.
n. Slang
Used as an intensive: had a heck of a lot of money; was crowded as heck.
- heck
- 発音
- hék
- heckの慣用句
- a heck of a, What the heck！, （全2件）
((話))かまうもんか.
研究採用ISO 9000認證的，究竟屬「威脅型」（coercive）、「規範或道義型」（normative）、模仿型的（mimetic）。
mimetic
(mĭ-mĕt'ĭk, mī-) 
adj.
- Relating to, characteristic of, or exhibiting mimicry.
- Of or relating to an imitation; imitative.
- Using imitative means of representation: a mimetic dance.
mimesis
(mĭ-mē'sĭs, mī-) n.
- The imitation or representation of aspects of the sensible world, especially human actions, in literature and art.
- Biology. Mimicry.
- Medicine. The appearance, often caused by hysteria, of symptoms of a disease not actually present.
mimetic
- mi • met • ic
- 発音
- mimétik
[副]
- BIOLOGYthe close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object.
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