2026年2月18日 星期三

據說,普丁政府願給美國12兆美金的"和平" (侵略烏克蘭)分紅.......《經濟學人》要我們記住"兩個世紀前,俄國革命者試圖改變世界: 俄國十二月黨人Decembrists浴血奮戰,流亡海外,最後失敗了。但他們踏出了第一步。" 俄國的三次革命....。《到芬蘭車站-馬克思主義的起源及發展 》




 -----兩個世紀前,俄國革命者試圖改變世界: 俄國十二月黨人Decembrists浴血奮戰,流亡海外,最後失敗了。但他們踏出了第一步。

The Decembrists’ rebellion lasted only a few hours, but 200 years on, they remain a beacon of individual dignity in undignified times
Bloodied and exiled, the Decembrists failed. But they made a start

Bloodied and exiled, the Decembrists failed. But they made a start 俄國十二月黨人浴血奮戰,流亡海外,最後失敗了。但他們踏出了第一步。

《到芬蘭車站-馬克思主義的起源及發展 》作者: 艾德蒙‧威爾森 譯者: 劉森堯 2000.  原著 To the Finland Station (1940) by American literary critic Edmund Wilson,      
419頁

it as high as five millions. It organized strike relief and pre¬ 
vented the importation of strikebreakers. The very name of 
Hhe Internationa] soon became such a bogey to the employers 
that it had sometimes only to threaten in order to bring them 
around. Marx and Engels had, as it were, unexpectedly, at a 
time when, having resigned themselves to reaction, they were 
preoccupied with literary work, found themselves actually 
in a position of leadership of an immense proletarian move¬ 
ment with revolutionary possibilities. “Les choses marchent,” 
Marx wrote Engels in September, 1867. “And by the time of 
the next revolution, which may perhaps be nearer than it 
seems, w e (that is, you and I) have this powerful engine 
in our hand. Compare with this the results of Mazzinis 
etc. operations since 30 years! And without any financial re¬ 
sources! With the intrigues of the Proudhonists in Paris, of 
Mazzini in Italy, and of the jealous Odger, Cremer and Potter 
in London, with Schulze-Del [itzsch] and the Lassallians in 
Germany! We may consider ourselves very well satisfied!" 

But again, and this time with more serious results, the au¬ 
thority of the sedentary Marx came into conflict with an 
active politician, and the Marxist point of view, so rationalistic 
and prudent, lost its grip on a labor movement which had 
now reached European proportions. It was at the Congress of 
Bale that the Workers’ International was first captivated by 
Michael Bakunin. 

He was a member of that unfortunate generation who had 
come to manhood in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. 
Bom on May 18, 1814, he had been eleven years old at the 
time of the Decembrist uprising—that upper-class conspiracy 
of officers and poets under the influence of Western ideas—in 
which the family of Bakunin’s mother had played an im¬ 
portant part. The Russia of Pushkin and the Decembrists, of 
the dawn of the great culture of modern Russia, was extin¬ 
guished by the thirty years of Nicholas, who aborted the 
intellectual movement by a terrible censorship of the press 
and did his best to make it difficult for Russians to circulate 
between Russia and Western Europe. Bakunin was a product 
of this frustrated movement, like his friends Turgenev and 


Herzen. Like them, he was driven by the oppression at home 
to look for freedom and light in the West, and then found 
himself doomed to live and work there with his mind always., 
fretted by the problems of Russia. Herzen said that Bakunin 
“had within him the latent power of a colossal activity for 
which there was no demand.” 

人數高達五百萬。它組織了罷工救濟,並阻止了罷工破壞者的輸入。國際組織這個名字很快就成了雇主們的噩夢,以至於它有時只需發出威脅就能讓他們屈服。馬克思和恩格斯可以說是出乎意料地,在他們原本已經接受了反動勢力、專注於文學創作的時候,卻發現自己實際上處於一個龐大的、具有革命可能性的無產階級運動的領導地位。 「事情在運轉,」馬克思在1867年9月寫信給恩格斯說,「到下一次革命的時候——也許比看起來更近——我們(也就是你和我)手中就握有這台強大的機器。想想馬志尼等人三十年來的所作所為所為! 而且沒有任何財政資源!

然而,這次後果更為嚴重:馬克思的權威性——這位安於現狀的學者——與一位活躍的政治家發生了衝突,而馬克思主義的理性主義和審慎態度,也失去了對當時已發展到歐洲規模的勞工運動的控制。正是在貝爾大會上,工人國際首次被米哈伊爾·巴枯寧所吸引。

他是不幸的一代人,在尼古拉一世統治時期的俄國長大成人。

他出生於1814年5月18日,十二月黨人起義爆發時年僅十一歲。這場起義是由受西方思想影響的軍官和詩人發起的上層階級陰謀,巴枯寧母親的家族在其中扮演了重要角色。普希金和十二月黨人時代的俄羅斯,現代俄羅斯偉大文化的曙光,被尼古拉二世三十年的統治所扼殺。他透過殘酷的新聞審查扼殺了知識分子運動,並竭力阻撓俄羅斯人往返於俄羅斯和西歐之間。巴枯寧正是這場受挫運動的產物,正如他的朋友屠格涅夫和赫爾岑一樣。和他們一樣,巴枯寧也因國內的壓迫而前往西方尋求自由和光明,卻發現自己注定要在那裡生活和工作,心中卻始終縈繞著俄羅斯的種種問題。赫爾岑曾說,巴枯寧「體內蘊藏著巨大的潛能,卻無人問津」。
他來自特維爾省,出身於鄉紳家庭。他的童年是在一座十八世紀的大宅子裡度過的,這座宅子坐落在一條寬闊而緩緩流淌的俄羅斯河流之上,莊園裡住著「五百人」。從某種意義上說,這座莊園和這個家庭,如此珍貴,如此完整,成為了他一生的背景。巴枯寧一家在充滿幻想、溫柔情感和求知激情的氛圍中度過了童年和青年時期,這聽起來像是屠格涅夫或契訶夫筆下的場景。米哈伊爾是十個兄弟姐妹中的老大,因此他能夠憑藉性別支配他的妹妹們,憑藉年齡支配他的弟弟們。他對他們都抱持著保護的態度,並且是他們密謀反對父親的領袖。他們的父親在四十歲時娶了他們的母親,而他的年輕妻子總是站在他這邊。巴枯寧曾坦白愛上了他的一個姊妹,而且似乎嫉妒她們所有人。當她們開始有追求者並結婚時,米哈伊爾·亞歷山德羅維奇就會試圖挑撥她們與追求者和丈夫的關係,就像他煽動兄弟們反抗父親一樣。後來,他對其他女人也做了同樣的事情;雖然他成功地讓這些女人遠離了她們的丈夫,但之後他總是因為無法成為她們的情人而讓她們失望。他顯然終生陽痿,顯然是由於亂倫禁忌而導致的性壓抑。在西伯利亞,44歲時,他娶了一位18歲的女子,這位女子最終在與巴枯寧共同生活期間,與另一個男人生了兩個孩子。

列寧試圖應對的危機來得猝不及防,在他尚未建立起自己的政治機器之前,他發現自己幾乎束手無策,而年輕的列寧憑藉著自由的地位,得以接管領導權。

1905年1月22日的大屠殺喚醒了俄國流亡者,他們放下了學習、論戰和辯論。

對日戰爭的慘敗摧毀了陸軍和海軍的士氣,人民對沙皇統治感到厭惡。

由一位東正教牧師帶領的示威遊行,他們高舉宗教旗幟,向沙皇請願,要求政治赦免、政教分離、八小時工作制、土地歸於人民,以及召開以普選為基礎的立憲會議。

請願書的語言讓人想起《鮑里斯‧戈杜諾夫》的時代; 「如果你拒絕

聽我們的懇求,我們就死在你宮殿前的這廣場上。 「沙皇不負眾望,下令將他們當場槍斃,男女老幼,一視同仁;從那一刻起,革命運動拋棄了神聖俄羅斯,發動了一系列規模空前、影響深遠的工業罷工,這是世界上前所未見的。十二月黨人的陰謀是一場貴族的革命;翻轉的恐怖份子是中產階級;現在,一場革命運動第一次在人民中興起,產業工人走在了前面。列寧後來寫道:「只有當舊的、由農奴養育的、愚昧的、父權制的、虔誠的、420

在順從的俄羅斯驅逐了舊的亞當之後,俄羅斯人民才真正獲得了民主的、革命的教育。 」

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