一生兩大事業 Edward Anders 愛德華·安德斯 1926~2025：揭開了太陽系和恐龍滅絕的謎團（太陽系裡的物質都是二手的.....證明了隕石是小行星的碎片；導致恐龍滅絕的全球野火的證據．．．．．、研究納粹大屠殺《大屠殺期間的拉脫維亞人“Amidst Latvians During the Holocaust.”Credit...》.「金臂人」詹姆斯·哈里森60年來挽救了約240萬名嬰兒的生命。

 

Edward Anders, Who Duped Nazis and Illuminated the Cosmos, Dies at 98

His research unraveled mysteries about the solar system and the demise of the dinosaurs. In retirement, he turned his attention to the Holocaust.

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Edward Anders in 1985. He conducted a series of groundbreaking studies into the early history of the solar system, an interest that was piqued when he was a student at Columbia University and a professor brought a handful of meteorite rocks to pass around in class.Credit...Jonathan Blair/Corbis, via Getty Images

愛德華·安德斯，曾欺騙納粹並照亮宇宙，享年98歲

他的研究揭開了太陽系和恐龍滅絕的謎團。退休後，他將注意力轉向了納粹大屠殺。

愛德華·安德斯，身穿西裝、戴著大眼鏡的禿頭男子，站在一座大型火山造型雕塑前。

愛德華·安德斯，攝於1985年。他對太陽系早期歷史進行了一系列開創性的研究。當時，他還在哥倫比亞大學讀書，一位教授帶了一把隕石在課堂上分發，這激發了他對此的興趣。圖片來源：Jonathan Blair／Corbis，Getty

He demonstrated that meteorites were fragments from asteroids and not, as was believed at the time, debris from the moon or comets. He quantified the elements of the solar system in a journal article that has been cited more than 14,000 times. And he uncovered evidence of the global wildfires that helped lead to the dinosaurs’ extinction.

他證明了隕石是小行星的碎片，而不是當時人們認為的月球或彗星的碎片。他在期刊文章中量化了太陽系的元素，這篇文章已被引用超過1.4萬次。他還發現了導致恐龍滅絕的全球野火的證據。

1991年，在接受《探索》雜誌採訪時，他對一個相當不可思議的觀點表示驚嘆：地球上的一切——地上、地內、地下、地周圍——都並非原創。 “太陽系裡的物質都是二手的，”他說，“所有這些原本都比太陽系古老，但大部分都經過了再加工。”

In an interview with Discover magazine in 1991, he marveled at the rather mind-bending notion that everything about Earth — on it, in it, under it, around it — was unoriginal. “The material in the solar system is secondhand,” he said. “All of it originally was older than the solar system, but most of it has been reprocessed.”

年紀大得多的安德魯斯教授穿著休閒裝，坐在桌旁，雙手捧著一本書，封面朝前。

2024年，安德斯教授手持他的德文版回憶錄《大屠殺期間的拉脫維亞人》。圖片來源：莎拉‧弗里德里希

Professor Anders in 2024 with the German-language edition of his memoir, “Amidst Latvians During the Holocaust.”Credit...Sarah Friedrich

Using government documents, directories, diaries and other materials he found in archives, Professor Anders cataloged what happened to thousands of Jews in his town. He gave them back their names.

“Edward always saw himself as a bridge builder between past and present, between Jews and non-Jews, between the continents,” 

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James Harrison, an Australian blood donor known as the “Man with the Golden Arm,” saved the lives of an estimated 2.4 million babies over six decades, thanks to the rare antibodies in his plasma. His blood contains anti-D antibodies, which are crucial in preventing Rhesus disease—a potentially fatal condition that occurs when a pregnant woman’s blood is incompatible with her unborn child’s.

Harrison developed these unique antibodies after receiving 13 liters of blood during a life-saving surgery at age 13. This unusual immune response led to the creation of antibodies that would later become the foundation for life-saving treatments. Beginning in 1967, Harrison began donating plasma regularly, and his extraordinary gift helped doctors create anti-D injections that prevent mothers from developing immune reactions against their babies.

His contribution was vital in launching the New South Wales Rh Program in 1969, a public health initiative that drastically reduced the number of stillbirths and disabilities caused by hemolytic disease of the newborn across Australia. Harrison donated blood nearly every week for 60 years until his retirement in 2018 due to age restrictions.

Today, scientists are working to replicate his life-saving antibodies using hybridoma and synthetic biology techniques in a project informally dubbed “James in a Jar,” aiming to ensure a consistent supply of this crucial treatment for future generations.

詹姆斯·哈里森是一位澳洲捐血者，人稱「金臂人」。憑藉其血漿中罕見的抗體，他在過去60年中挽救了約240萬名嬰兒的生命。他的血液中含有抗D抗體，這種抗體對於預防恒河猴病至關重要。恒河猴病是一種潛在的致命疾病，當孕婦的血液與胎兒的血液不相容時就會發生。

哈里森在13歲時接受一場挽救生命的手術，輸注了13公升血液後，體內產生了這些獨特的抗體。這種不同尋常的免疫反應促成了抗體的產生，後來成為挽救生命的治療方案的基礎。從1967年開始，哈里森開始定期捐贈血漿，他的非凡天賦幫助醫生開發出抗D注射劑，可以防止母親對嬰兒產生免疫反應。

他的貢獻對1969年新南威爾斯州恒河猴計劃的啟動至關重要。這項公共衛生計畫大幅減少了澳洲新生兒溶血病導致的死產和殘疾數量。哈里森幾乎每週都會捐血，持續了60年，直到2018年因年齡限制退休。如今，科學家們正在努力利用雜交瘤和合成生物學技術複製他體內的救命抗體，該計畫被非正式地稱為“罐中詹姆斯”，旨在確保為子孫後代持續供應這種至關重要的治療藥物。