BREAKING NEWS
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2025 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt “for having explained innovation-driven economic growth” with one half to Mokyr “for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress” and the other half jointly to Aghion and Howitt “for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.”
The laureates showed how new technology can drive sustained growth.
Over the last two centuries, for the first time in history, the world has seen sustained economic growth. This has lifted vast numbers of people out of poverty and laid the foundation of our prosperity. This year’s laureates in economic sciences, Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt, explain how innovation provides the impetus for further progress.
Technology advances rapidly and affects us all, with new products and production methods replacing old ones in a never-ending cycle. This is the basis for sustained economic growth, which results in a better standard of living, health and quality of life for people around the globe.
However, this was not always the case. Quite the opposite – stagnation was the norm throughout most of human history. Despite important discoveries now and again, which sometimes led to improved living conditions and higher incomes, growth always eventually levelled off.
Joel Mokyr used historical sources as one means to uncover the causes of sustained growth becoming the new normal. He demonstrated that if innovations are to succeed one another in a self-generating process, we not only need to know that something works, but we also need to have scientific explanations for why. The latter was often lacking prior to the industrial revolution, which made it difficult to build upon new discoveries and inventions. He also emphasised the importance of society being open to new ideas and allowing change.
Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt also studied the mechanisms behind sustained growth. In an article from 1992, they constructed a mathematical model for what is called creative destruction: when a new and better product enters the market, the companies selling the older products lose out. The innovation represents something new and is thus creative. However, it is also destructive, as the company whose technology becomes passé is outcompeted.
In different ways, the laureates show how creative destruction creates conflicts that must be managed in a constructive manner. Otherwise, innovation will be blocked by established companies and interest groups that risk being put at a disadvantage.
Learn more
Press release: https://bit.ly/48DlmwY
Popular information: https://bit.ly/3Ip1eUW
Advanced information: https://bit.ly/46D8mFa
瑞典皇家科學院決定將2025年瑞典中央銀行紀念阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾經濟學獎授予喬爾·莫基爾、菲利普·阿吉翁和彼得·豪伊特，以表彰他們「對創新驅動型經濟成長的闡釋」。其中，一半獎項授予莫基爾，以表彰他“通過技術進步確定了持續增長的先決條件”，另一半獎項則共同授予阿吉翁和豪伊特，以表彰他“通過創造性破壞實現持續增長的理論”。
獲獎者們展示了新技術如何推動持續成長。
在過去的兩個世紀裡，世界歷史上首次實現了持續的經濟成長。這使大量人口擺脫了貧困，奠定了我們繁榮的基礎。今年的經濟學獎得主喬爾·莫基爾、菲利普·阿吉翁和彼得·豪伊特闡述了創新如何為進一步發展提供動力。
科技日新月異，影響我們所有人，新產品和生產方法層出不窮，循環往復。這是持續經濟成長的基礎，它能提高全球人民的生活水平、健康和生活品質。
然而，情況並非總是如此。恰恰相反，在人類歷史的大部分時間裡，經濟停滯是常態。儘管時不時會有重大發現，有時能改善生活條件、提高收入，但成長最終總會趨於平穩。
喬爾·莫基爾運用歷史資料，揭示了持續成長成為新常態的原因。他指出，如果創新要在自我生成過程中相繼出現，我們不僅需要知道某些東西行之有效，還需要對其背後的原因進行科學解釋。在工業革命之前，科學解釋往往較為匱乏，這使得在新發現和發明的基礎上繼續發展變得困難。他也強調了社會對新思想持開放態度並允許變革的重要性。
菲利普·阿吉翁和彼得·豪伊特也研究了持續成長背後的機制。在1992年的一篇文章中，他們建立了一個數學模型來解釋所謂的「創造性破壞」：當一種新的、更好的產品進入市場時，銷售舊產品的公司就會遭遇失敗。這種創新代表著新事物，因此具有創造性。然而，它也具有破壞性，因為技術過時的公司會在競爭中被淘汰。
獲獎者以不同的方式展示了創造性破壞如何引發衝突，而這些衝突必須以建設性的方式加以管理。否則，創新將被老牌公司和利益集團所阻礙，從而面臨被置於不利地位的風險。
了解更多
新聞稿：https://bit.ly/48DlmwY
熱門資訊：https://bit.ly/3Ip1eUW
進階資訊：https://bit.ly/46D8mFa
“I had a whole list of people that I thought were going to win, and I wasn't on it.”
For Joel Mokyr, the news that he was a 2025 economic sciences laureate was an unexpected surprise. Shortly after the announcement Mokyr shared his happiness with us, and recalled visiting the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm ten years ago – a time where he didn’t for a moment imagine one day he would be on the stage. “Are you kidding me? I'm an economic historian. We don't win Nobel Prizes.”
Listen to the interview:
他們的研究闡明技術進步如何透過新產品與新生產方式取代舊的體系，推動生產力、健康與生活水準的提升。瑞典皇家科學院指出，過去兩個世紀以來，人類社會首次出現持續且大規模的經濟成長，讓無數人口脫離貧窮，並強調這種繁榮並非理所當然，而是建立在不斷創新與知識累積的基礎之上。
莫克爾的研究聚焦於歷史視角，指出工業革命以來的長期經濟成長源自於社會對知識的重視與科學方法的運用。他主張，當人們不僅知道技術「可行」，還理解其「原理」時，創新才能形成持續的自我推進過程。阿希翁與豪伊特則以數學模型建立了「創造性破壞」理論，說明新技術與企業如何取代舊有體系，形成不斷更新的生產結構。這一理論揭示，雖然創新會導致舊產業衰退，但整體而言，它是經濟成長與社會進步的根本動力。三位學者的工作共同建構了一個關於「內生性成長」(endogenous growth)的理論框架，解釋經濟如何透過創新與競爭自我強化。
這項獎項的意義不僅在於回顧歷史，更在於提醒未來：維持經濟活力的關鍵，在於鼓勵創新、促進知識傳播與維護公平競爭的環境。莫克爾、阿希翁與豪伊特的理論提供了一種長遠視角，揭示了從工業革命到人工智慧時代，創新如何構成經濟成長的永續引擎，也說明為何社會必須不斷投資於教育、科學與研發，以確保進步得以延續。
Mr. Mokyr said he was optimistic about the prospects for more economic growth because of the “human capability of manipulating and harnessing the forces of nature to its own needs.”莫基爾先生表示，他對經濟進一步成長的前景感到樂觀，因為「人類有能力操縱和利用自然力量來滿足自身的需求」。
阿吉翁先生和豪伊特先生的研究表明，儘管一些公司被其他公司的創新所邊緣化，但經濟成長仍能持續。委員會表示，他們的工作可以為政策制定者設計研發政策提供支援。
Mr. Aghion and Mr. Howitt’s work shows how economic growth can continue despite companies being sidelined by the innovation of other firms. Their work can support policymakers in designing research and development policies, the committee said.
wwwwww
Tim Curry | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Curry at the 47th Emmy Awards in 1995 | |
| Born | Timothy James Curry 19 April 1946 Grappenhall, Cheshire, England |
| Alma mater | University of Birmingham (BA) |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1968–present |
蒂姆·克里的事業尚未結束
2012年的一次中風讓他基本上無法演戲，但並沒有阻止他寫作——以及錄製——一本新的回憶錄。 「不能說話的感覺很奇怪，」他說。
「感覺就像有人在我的腦子裡劃來劃去，」提姆·克里談到中風後接受的治療時說道。圖片來源…
如今，柯瑞如同冬日雄獅，坐輪椅出行，體力也遠不如中風讓他的生活陷入可怕的過渡期。然而，他仍然熱衷於創造性的冒險，不願放棄藝術生涯。
「我無法想像退休後再也不工作了，」他說。
他當然想過，但「努力拓展」創作空間才是更強烈的動力。因此，他對《浪客行》“謹慎地感到滿意”，儘管也有一些遺憾。
圖：提姆·庫瑞身穿一件印有反覆出現的衣冠楚楚、身穿燕尾服的男士圖案的襯衫。
「扮演這樣的角色，會讓你對人性的新維度有所領悟，」柯瑞在談到自己在《洛基恐怖秀》中令人難忘的角色時寫道。圖片來源：Getty Images
Curry is a lion in winter now, getting around in a wheelchair and with his stamina not what it was since the stroke brought his life to a frightening interregnum. Yet he is still drawn to creative risk, unready to pack it in as an artist.
“I can’t quite imagine retiring and not ever working again,” he said.
He has thought about it, of course he has, but “trying to stretch” creatively is the stronger impulse. On that score, he is “cautiously pleased” with “Vagabond,” albeit with a couple of regrets.
Image
“Playing somebody like that wakes you up to new dimensions of human nature,” Curry writes of his unforgettable role in “The Rocky Horror Picture Show.”Credit...Getty Images
沒有留言:
張貼留言