2025年10月8日 星期三

2025 Omar Yaghi, Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa..John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis were awarded 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.”調節性免疫/免疫反応抑える制御性T細胞 2025年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎授予Mary E. Brunkow瑪麗·E·布倫科、Fred Ramsdell 弗雷德·拉姆斯德爾和 Shimon Sakaguchi西蒙·坂口/坂口志文,以表彰他們在外周免疫耐受方面的發現。


The chemistry laureate who built a whole new field of chemistry – Richard Robson.
In 1989, this year's chemistry laureate Robson tried using the inherent properties of atoms in a new way. He combined positively charged copper ions with a four-armed molecule; this had a chemical group that was attracted to copper ions at the end of each arm. When they were combined, they bonded to form a well-ordered, spacious crystal. It was like a diamond filled with innumerable cavities.

開創全新化學領域的諾貝爾化學獎得主-理查‧羅布森。

1989年,今年的諾貝爾化學獎得主羅布森嘗試以一種新的方式利用原子的固有屬性。他將帶正電的銅離子與一個四臂分子結合在一起;該分子的每個臂末端都有一個化學基團,可以吸引銅離子。當它們結合在一起時,它們結合形成了一個有序、寬敞的晶體,就像一顆充滿無數空腔的鑽石。

 Congratulations to Omar Yaghi, a Jordanian-American chemist at UC Berkeley, who was awarded the 2025 @nobelprize in #Chemistry today, sharing it with Richard Robson of the University of Melbourne, Australia, and Susumu Kitagawa of Kyoto University, Japan.

The scientists were cited for creating “molecular constructions with large spaces through which gases and other chemicals can flow. These constructions, metal-organic frameworks, can be used to harvest water from desert air, capture carbon dioxide, store toxic gases or catalyze chemical reactions.”


Congratulations to the recipients of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa, and Omar M. Yaghi “for the development of metal–organic frameworks.” These molecular crystal-like constructions can be made to contain large cavities where gases and other molecules can be captured. Robson completed postdoctoral work at Caltech in the 1960s before joining the faculty at the University of Melbourne, where he completed his Nobel-honored work. Chemists have since created thousands of metal–organic frameworks to separate forever chemicals from water, trap CO2, harvest water from desert air, and more.
恭喜今年諾貝爾化學獎得主:理查德·羅布森(Richard Robson)、北川進(Susumu Kitagawa)和奧馬爾·M·亞吉(Omar M. Yaghi),他們「在金屬有機骨架領域的貢獻」。這些類似分子晶體的結構可以容納巨大的空腔,用於捕獲氣體和其他分子。羅布森於1960年代在加州理工學院完成博士後研究,之後加入墨爾本大學任教,並在那裡完成了他榮獲諾貝爾獎的研究工作。自那時起,化學家們已經創造了數千種金屬有機骨架,用於永久分離水中的化學物質、捕獲二氧化碳、從沙漠空氣中獲取水分等等。

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025
John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis were awarded 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.”
The laureates used a series of experiments to demonstrate that the bizarre properties of the quantum world can be made concrete in a system big enough to be held in the hand.
Their superconducting electrical system could tunnel from one state to another, as if it were passing straight through a wall.
They also showed that the system absorbed and emitted energy in doses of specific sizes, just as predicted by quantum mechanics.




卡羅琳斯卡醫學院諾貝爾獎委員會決定將2025年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎授予瑪麗·E·布倫科、弗雷德·拉姆斯德爾和西蒙·坂口,以表彰他們在外周免疫耐受方面的發現。 今年的醫學獎得主發現了免疫系統是如何被控制的。人體強大的免疫系統必須受到調節,否則它可能會攻擊我們自身的器官。布倫科、拉姆斯德爾和坂口因其在周邊免疫耐受性方面的突破性發現而榮獲今年的醫學獎,這種耐受性可以防止免疫系統損害人體。



獲獎者發現了免疫系統的「保鑣」——調節性T細胞,它可以阻止免疫細胞攻擊人體。 獲獎者的發現開創了周邊免疫耐受領域,推動了癌症和自體免疫疾病治療的發展。這也可能帶來更多器官移植的成功。其中一些療法目前正在進行臨床試驗。

Princeton校友Mary E. Brunkow

諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎得主出爐
大阪大學特任教授坂口志文

号外】ノーベル生理学・医学賞に坂口志文氏ら、免疫反応抑える制御性T細胞


了解更多 新聞稿:https://bit.ly/46NpqbG 熱門資訊:https://bit.ly/46LkbsL 進階資訊:https://bit.ly/3IMCMNc


The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has decided to award the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi “for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.”

This year’s medicine laureates have discovered how the immune system is kept in check. The body’s powerful immune system must be regulated, or it may attack our own organs. Brunkow, Ramsdell and Sakaguchi have been awarded this year’s medicine prize for their groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance that prevents the immune system from harming the body.
The laureates identified the immune system’s security guards, regulatory T cells, which prevent immune cells from attacking our own body.
The laureates’ discoveries launched the field of peripheral tolerance, spurring the development of medical treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. This may also lead to more successful transplantations. Several of these treatments are now undergoing clinical trials.
Learn more
Press release: https://bit.ly/46NpqbG
Popular information: https://bit.ly/46LkbsL
Advanced information: https://bit.ly/3IMCMNc


Shimon是因為找到調節性T細胞而得到諾貝爾獎
另兩位Mary E. Brunkow與Fred Ramsdell,則是因為找到重要調節因子Foxp3得獎。
調節性免疫這個概念是一個很長的脈絡,有興趣的話可以去看Shimon的回顧論文,或是諾貝爾獎的說明。簡單來說這概念就是免疫系統不僅有活化的油門,還有抑制免疫系統過度活化的煞車,這群抑制的細胞就是調節性免疫T細胞,負責調節的分子像是PD1或是CTLA4(也是Honjo與Allison2018諾貝爾獎生理獎)。
對這個領域理解的人都希望Shimon能得諾貝爾獎
這個領域的發展非常不順利,在1990年時候,整個領域是被主流免疫學界放棄,甚至看不起。在當時還有人嘲笑S is a dirty word in immunology『Synonymous with over-interpretation of scanty data and mystical phenomenology』,翻譯就是"抑制性免疫在免疫學界是一個骯髒的字,代表過度解讀亂八糟的實驗成果與神秘現象",就是嘲笑做這個領域的都是一群神經病。
Shimon堅持下來繼續研究,除發發表IL-10可能有調節免疫能力的研究外,1995年在J Immunol (現在IF僅剩3分多)發表革命性的發現,說明CD4CD25可以用來標定這群有抑制能力的免疫細胞,且聰明的把Suppressor T細胞改名為Regulatory T細胞,免疫學家終於可以拿出這群細胞研究,然後就有接下來十年的精采發現,FoxP3,Aire等等。
還有印象,就是1998年在上研究所免疫學的時候,課堂上老師們就在嘲諷Suppressor免疫,還跟學生說你們不好好念書就會變成這種科學家。不過那已經是1998年了,離1995年Shimon的跨時代發現已經過3年了,到底是誰笑誰啊。
調節性免疫的概念早就不是免疫學課本上有趣的故事,根據這概念發展出來的藥物,包括anti-PD1,anti-CTLA4藥物早就在2018年得諾貝爾獎,在臨床上面拯救百萬千萬人命。相關的細胞治療也積極地在發展中,總不能應用得獎,提出概念的人沒得獎,沒天理。
當然有得獎的就有失落的人
我們2019FISS的講者Sasha Rudensky,這領域的機制尤其是對FoxP3功能解出他居功厥偉,大家都知道已N獎的原則,所以過去雖然他跟Shimon合得到幾個重大獎項,但是N獎最後還是沒有他的名字。就像是審良靜男Shizuo Akira,大家都知道他多應該得諾貝爾獎,但是最後還是沒有他。
Shimon實至名歸
Shimon不是我接觸過第一個諾貝爾獎得主,但是是是我真心覺得他值得的人。在大家都放棄suppressor這概念,他還是堅持下來,不管有沒有Shimon,科學界總會有一天發現這群細胞,但是感謝他的堅持,讓這個領域沒有埋沒又要等很多年,相關的藥物才能這麼快上市的拯救人命。我的舅媽,我的爸爸都是癌症走的,當年還沒有這麼好的藥物,但是如果有一天我得到癌症,這些藥物就是我第一選擇。
諾貝爾獎就是為了表彰這種人而設立的。
這也是短暫一生我想選擇做生物醫學研究。

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