2026年4月20日 星期一

Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) :未來的賈科梅蒂博物館及學院(Musée & École Giacometti ,預計2028年下半年開放 )將建於榮軍院火車站舊址,這座歷史建築是為1900年世界博覽會而建。孤獨是現實也成就極致:阿爾伯托·賈柯梅蒂回顧展;啊!我充滿描繪巴黎的慾望,想捕捉每個細微場景,任由命運帶領。只有平版印刷蠟筆能勝任,素描或油畫都不行 只有蠟筆才能讓我即席記下第一印象,沒有擦掉或修改的餘地。—阿爾貝托‧賈科梅蒂。賈科梅蒂的畫室:熱內論藝術Alberto Giacometti: Toward the Ultimate Figure. 大衛·李嘉圖(英David Ricardo,1772年—1823年 51歲政治經濟學家)Tsuneko Sasamoto (笹本 恒子 1914 – 2022 108歲 日本首位攝影師)

永恆的巴黎

巴黎即將開放世界上第一座完全致力於瑞士雕塑家阿爾貝托·賈科梅蒂作品的博物館——其選址與藝術家本人一樣令人矚目。

未來的賈科梅蒂博物館及學院(Musée & École Giacometti)將建於榮軍院火車站舊址,這座歷史建築是為1900年世界博覽會而建。

博物館位於塞納河畔,毗鄰標誌性的亞歷山大三世橋,是巴黎市政府改造閒置歷史空間計畫的一部分。

博物館預計2028年下半年開放。

目前,賈科梅蒂的作品在巴黎南部一個面積僅350平方公尺(3,700平方英尺)的小空間內展出。新博物館的規模將會大得多——約6000平方公尺(64500平方英尺),相當於一個足球場的大小。其中一半將用於展覽,包括常設展覽、臨時展覽,甚至重建藝術家最初的工作室。

但真正引人注目的是藏品的規模。

賈科梅蒂基金會收藏了約10,000件藏品,其中包括400多件雕塑、數百幅繪畫和數千幅素描。其中許多作品從未公開展出。有些甚至直接來自藝術家的工作室,該工作室在他1966年去世後得到了精心保存。

新博物館還將包括咖啡館、書店和教育空間,旨在讓更多觀眾更容易理解現代藝術。

儘管一些評論家對該項目規模提出質疑,但組織者表示,目標很簡單:創建一個場所,讓參觀者能夠以清晰易懂的方式探索賈科梅蒂的作品。

對於一個已經擁有眾多世界級博物館的城市來說,這座博物館旨在提供一些全新的體驗。

Paris is preparing to open the world’s first museum entirely dedicated to Swiss sculptor Alberto Giacometti — and the setting is just as remarkable as the artist himself.
The future Musée & École Giacometti will be built inside the former Invalides train station, a historic building created for the 1900 World’s Fair.
Located along the Seine, near the iconic Pont Alexandre III, the site is part of a larger effort to transform unused heritage spaces across the city.
The museum is expected to open in the second half of 2028.
Today, Giacometti’s works are displayed in a small 3,700 sq ft (350 m²) space in southern Paris. The new museum will be much larger — about 64,500 sq ft (6,000 m²), or roughly the size of a football field. Half of it will be dedicated to exhibitions, including permanent displays, temporary shows, and even a reconstruction of the artist’s original studio.
But what really stands out is the scale of the collection.
The Giacometti Foundation holds around 10,000 objects — including more than 400 sculptures, hundreds of paintings, and thousands of drawings. Many of these pieces have never been shown to the public before. Some even come directly from the artist’s studio, which was carefully preserved after his death in 1966.
The new museum will also include a café, a bookstore, and educational spaces designed to make modern art easier to understand for a wide audience.
While some critics question the size of the project, organizers say the goal is simple: to create a place where visitors can explore Giacometti’s work in a clear and accessible way.
For a city already filled with world-famous museums, this one is aiming to offer something entirely new.



 Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) 寄与者 Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong, May 10 to July 13, 2002



書籍名
阿貝特・傑克梅第
著者 Alberto Giacometti
寄与者 Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department
出版社 Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2002
ISBN 9622151817, 9789622151819
ページ数 191 ページ



 Alberto Giacometti 1901~1966   孤獨是現實也成就極致:阿爾伯托·賈柯梅蒂回顧展;啊!我充滿描繪巴黎的慾望,想捕捉每個細微場景,任由命運帶領。只有平版印刷蠟筆能勝任,素描或油畫都不行 只有蠟筆才能讓我即席記下第一印象,沒有擦掉或修改的餘地。—阿爾貝托‧賈科梅蒂。賈科梅蒂的畫室:熱內論藝術


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti




"Everything hangs by a thread, one is always in danger."

Centre Pompidou
ANNIVERSAIRE | “Tout tient à un fil, on est toujours en péril.” Alberto Giacometti
生日| "一切岌岌可危的線, 我們還是在危險." Alberto Giacometti




Le Nez - Alberto Giacometti - Centre Pompidou
Une tête suspendue dans le vide par une corde au centre d’une cage, tel le balancier de Boule suspendue (1931), un nez, équivalent retourné de la Pointe à l’œil (1932) s’allonge démesurément comme une flèche.

CENTREPOMPIDOU.FR


瑞士雕塑家阿爾伯托·賈柯梅蒂(Alberto Giacometti,1901~1966),為二十世紀最重要的藝術家之一。這次參觀位於上海的余德耀美術館展出阿爾伯托·賈柯梅蒂回顧展,在3000平方米的空間中,分兩個樓層參觀,動線和展間上的安排也將創作分為不同時期,一共展出約250件作品回顧藝術家40多年來的藝術創作軌跡。
「我創作並非是為了做出漂亮的油畫或者雕塑。藝術僅是一種眼之所見的呈現方式。不論我看到什麼,它們總能使我感到驚奇而難以捉摸,我不能確認自己究竟看到了什麼。這太複雜。所以我們必須嘗試以最簡單的形式複製,以實…
SUAVEPEI.WORDPRESS.COM

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啊!我充滿描繪巴黎的慾望,想捕捉每個細微場景,任由命運帶領。只有平版印刷蠟筆能勝任,素描或油畫都不行 只有蠟筆才能讓我即席記下第一印象,沒有擦掉或修改的餘地。—阿爾貝托‧賈科梅蒂


由1930年代至其於1966年離世,賈科梅蒂都在不斷探索準確重現眼前景物的方法 「無盡的巴黎」展覽 將會展出賈科梅蒂創作的150幅平版印刷作品及文本,頌揚他最愛的城市和人物。這批作品亦於1959年至1965年期間匯編成為日記式的作品集。

GIACOMETTI: WITHOUT END

VERONIQUE WIESINGER 著⋯⋯




Alberto Giacometti sculpture 'Pointing Man' sells for record breaking $141m as National Portrait Gallery announces his first ever solo exhibition





Picasso's 'Les Femmes d'Alger (Version O)' sold at the same auction for $179m

JACK SHEPHERD
Tuesday 12 May 2015

In a record breaking Christie’s auction in New York, not only didPicasso’s “Les Femmes d’Alger (version O)” set a world record for the most expensive artwork ever sold at auction, but Alberto Giacometti’s “Pointing Man” also became the most valuable sculpture, fetching just over $141 million.


“Pointing Man” or “L’homme au doigt”, a life sized sculpture of a thin man in typical Giacometti style, was created by the Swiss artist in just one night, between midnight and nine the next morning. It was rapidly made for his first exhibition in New York in 1947.

The piece was originally intended to be part of a larger composition, with his left arm positioned to hook around a second figure, the Tate believes. But Giacometti eventually scrapped this idea, considering the sculpture to be a complete work on its own.

Giacometti already held the record for most expensive sculpture ever sold at auction, his famous “The Walking Man” having sold in 2010 for $104 million.


Most expensive artworks sold at auction1 of 15

In light of the latest auction news, The National Portrait Gallery has just announced its first ever exhibition solely consisting of the artist’s work to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the artist’s death.

Running from the 15 October 2015 to 10 January 2016,Giacometti: Pure Presence will feature over 60 of his works, including paintings, sculptures and drawings from throughout his entire career.
READ MORE: HOW CAN A PICASSO BE TRULY WORTH $179M?
WHY SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL FOR GIACOMETTI?


Some rare loans from private collections will be included in the series, which will focus on the artist’s lesser known ‘double-life’. While Giacometti is best known for his tall, thin figures, the gallery will put emphasis on the portraits produced after the artist claimed ‘it was necessary to abandon the real.’

'Chariot' by Swiss artist Alberto Giacometti

Standing at the centre of the exhibition will be one of his most celebrated works, “Woman of Venice VIII”, a piece that represents the bond between his famous sculptures and the portraits of the women in his life.

“Giacometti is widely celebrated as one of the giants of modern art, but his almost continuous involvement with portraiture is less well known,” Paul Moorhouse, Curator of Giacometti: Pure Presence, said.

“In devoting individual rooms to his main models, the exhibition exposes the singular, obsessive and intense nature of Giacometti’s portraits. Repetition, variation, accretion and dissolution are revealed as vital elements in his extraordinary vision.’

Giacometti: Pure Presence will take place between the 15 October 2015 and 10 January 2016, at the National Portrait Gallery, London.




Musée Rodin
Robert Doisneau, sculpteurs et sculptures : la nouvelle exposition-dossier au musée ‪#‎Rodin‬ de Meudon !

Du 14 mars au 22 novembre 2015.


Le saviez-vous ? c’est au Musée Rodin à Meudon que Robert Doisneau, amoureux de la sculpture, a pris un de ses derniers clichés en 1993. Juste retour des choses, c’est à Meudon que sera présenté, à partir du 14 mars, un florilège de 30 photographies.


En savoir plus : http://www.musee-rodin.fr/…/robert-doisneau-sculpteurs-et-s…


Photographie : Alberto Giacometti dans son atelier, Paris 1957, © Atelier Robert Doisneau




The man who bought "one of the great 20th-century sculptures.’’


Steven A. Cohen Was Buyer of Giacometti's 'Chariot,' for $101 Million


Mr. Cohen, the hedge fund billionaire, was the sole bidder for the sculpture, among the artist’s finest.


ARTSBEAT.BLOGS.NYTIMES.COM|由 CAROL VOGEL 上傳




MoMA The Museum of Modern Art


Alberto Giacometti was born today in 1901. What do you imagine "Man Pointing" is gesturing at? http://bit.ly/ZTvEnA


[Alberto Giacometti. "Man Pointing." 1947]




賈科梅蒂的畫室:熱內論藝術
這本書可能是重版以前用副標題為書名

原作名: L'ATELIER D'ALBERTO GIACOMETTI
作者 : [法]讓•熱內
譯者 : 程小牧
出版社:吉林出版集團有限責任公司
出版年: 2012-8-15
1954年,法國作家熱內通過薩特、科克託等朋友與藝術家賈科梅蒂相識,並應邀為藝術家做模特。 從1954至1958年,熱內時常拜訪賈科梅蒂位於巴黎十四區伊伯利特-曼東街的畫室。 這一相遇所激起的精神探索、交流和純淨的友誼,被熱內記錄在《賈科梅蒂的畫室》裡。 熱內論藝術的文字極少,本書收錄的幾篇獨具風格的藝術筆記,是熱內僅存的直接闡述自己的生命觀和藝術觀的文字。

《賈科梅蒂的畫室》是我所讀過的最好的藝術評論。

——畢加索

熱內向我們證明,天才並非某種天賦,而是人在絕境中開闢的出路。

善只是幻覺,而惡是虛無,它在善的廢墟上造出自己。

——薩特

有一天,熱內應被視為道德家。 我們總習慣於把道德家混同與衛道士。

詩是一種道德,內在、自律,拒絕強制性的範疇和機制。

——讓• 科克托

熱內非常像賈科梅蒂為他畫的肖像,賈科梅蒂把握住了這個人強烈

的情感、嚴格的控制力和近乎...

(展開全部)


1954年,法國作家熱內通過薩特、科克託等朋友與藝術家賈科梅蒂相識,並應邀為藝術家做模特。 從1954至1958年,熱內時常拜訪賈科梅蒂位於巴黎十四區伊伯利特-曼東街的畫室。 這一相遇所激起的精神探索、交流和純淨的友誼,被熱內記錄在《賈科梅蒂的畫室》裡。 熱內論藝術的文字極少,本書收錄的幾篇獨具風格的藝術筆記,是熱內僅存的直接闡述自己的生命觀和藝術觀的文字。

《賈科梅蒂的畫室》是我所讀過的最好的藝術評論。

——畢加索

熱內向我們證明,天才並非某種天賦,而是人在絕境中開闢的出路。

善只是幻覺,而惡是虛無,它在善的廢墟上造出自己。

——薩特

有一天,熱內應被視為道德家。 我們總習慣於把道德家混同與衛道士。

詩是一種道德,內在、自律,拒絕強制性的範疇和機制。

——讓• 科克托

熱內非常像賈科梅蒂為他畫的肖像,賈科梅蒂把握住了這個人強烈

的情感、嚴格的控制力和近乎宗教式的沉靜的驚人結合。

——薩義德
作者簡介 · · · · · ·


讓•熱內(Jean Genet 1910—1986),法國作家。 出生後被遺棄,在教養院長大。 早年流浪、偷竊、賣淫,多次被捕入獄。 在獄中開始寫作詩歌和小說,包括《死囚》、《鮮花聖母》、《小偷日記》(台北:時報文化)等。 作品被紀德、科克託等人發現,嘆為天才,他們與薩特等數十位作家聯名向法國總統請願,要求終身赦免熱內。 出獄後,熱內轉入戲劇創作,代表作有《女僕》、《陽台》、《屏風》等,聲譽鵲起。 後參與社會運動,支持被壓迫者的反抗,尤其是巴勒斯坦民族解放運動。
目錄 · · · · · ·


愛的殘痕——熱內論藝術(代序)

賈科梅蒂的畫室

倫勃朗的秘密

一本撕碎的倫勃朗之書的殘餘

走鋼絲的人

“I do not work to create beautiful paintings or sculpture. Art is only a means of seeing. No matter what I look at, it all surprises and eludes me, and I am not too sure of what I see.”
He drank with Sartre, mocked Picasso and took silent walks with Beckett –…
THEGUARDIAN.COM

Happy birthday to sculptor and painter Alberto Giacometti. Without volume or mass, his figures often appear weightless and remote, their eerie otherworldliness accentuated by the mat shades of gray and beige paint applied to their bronze patinas.


忽然有讀者在找未完成的肖像這本書
這本2002年出版的書
為何忽然有人在找呢
我很好奇
幾天前錢公子貼出寂寞大師的原作
我才恍然大悟
原來是電影的緣故
也許該找時間一看
這本書當年由留法的廖仁義博士推薦
我覺得很有趣就出版了
一晃十多年了
他後來接了巴文中心主任
我第一次到巴黎時還特別去拜訪他
一方面也是好奇辦公室的所在
記得辦公室在河左岸莫奈美術館附近
印象很深
或許是巴黎的緣故
巴黎和淡水的街道都曾出現在我的夢境中
非常真實
這本有趣的小書
作者是一名美國記者
他去採訪賈克梅第卻成了了他的模特兒
畫了十八天
畫像並未完成
卻寫出了一本書
那時出書好像不用太費力
也許是自己很不經心
書大約三四年賣完了一刷
只是也沒再版
我這兩天又翻出這本書
每本書都是一個故事
書後都是自己的時間座標



****



預計2028年下半年開放。




Masterpieces of Giacometti on display at Museum of Art

******************************************************


For those who have seen the works of art of Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) will be deeply impressed by the images of those elongated, attenuated, exhausted and textured figures. The sculptures created by this radical artist of the 20th century not only represent a painful vulnerability of the contemporary human beings, but are also regarded as an manifestation of the artist's intrinsic world.



The art lovers will soon have an opportunity to feast their eyes on all the important works of the great master. Sixty-six masterpieces of Giacometti's sculptures, drawings and lithographs selected from the Foundation Maeght, France will be shown in Hong Kong for the first time at the Hong Kong Museum of Art (Museum of Art) from tomorrow (May 10) till July 13. The exhibits include the artist's famous works such as "Walking Man", "Group of Three Men", "Woman from Venice", "Bust of Diego" and "The Dog" etc.



Speaking at today's (May 9) opening ceremony, the Deputy Director (Culture) of the Leisure and Cultural Services, Miss Choi Suk-kuen, noted that the exhibition marked the 10th Anniversary of Le French May. She said with the support of the Consulate General of France in Hong Kong over the past decade, they were able to display the great works of prominent masters like Rodin, Chagall, Balthus, Debre and Zou Wou-Ki etc for the appreciation of the general public and enriching the city life of Hong Kong.



"Alberto Giacometti is an icon of visual arts of the 20th century. His sculptures, paintings, drawings and printings have a profound impact on the development of contemporary art. His works give us glimpses of the sense of loneliness, fears and the vulnerability of the modern human psyche. With his quest for perfection and his sensitive observation of human physique and feelings, Giacometti has created a universe that presents a paradoxical vision of reality which is defined and permanent, and yet flaunting and mutable. He is undoubtedly one of the greatest artists of the 20th century, and this exhibition of his works will possibly be the event of the year," said Miss Choi.



Giacometti was born at Borgonovo in Switzerland. His father Giovanni Giacometti was a famous Post-Impressionist painter. Junior Giacometti began to draw and sculpt in his father's studio as a child. In 1922, Giacometti arrived in Paris when he was twenty-one and studied sculpture under Antonine Bourdelle for three years. In 1926, Giacometti moved to the studio at Rue Hippolyte-Maindron, Paris, where he lived and worked till his death.



In his early career in art, Giacometti was strongly influenced by the philosophy and practice of the Cubists and the Surrealists. His works were the product of his search for geometry, abstraction, and relationship between objects and space. His early works are characterised by a sense of simplicity and mystery, sometimes hallucinatory and strongly lyrical.



Around 1935, Giacometti turned his attention to the studying of heads and figures in nature. After numerous experiments and failures, Giacometti arrived at an extraordinary sculptural form that effectively conveys his feelings towards his fellow men. The elongated and match stick-like figures were shown in public in the Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York in 1948 for the first time. The success of that exhibition made Giacometti well-known to the world.



The exhibition is jointly presented by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department and the Consulate General of France, Hong Kong, and organised by the Museum of Art and the Foundation Maeght-Saint-Paul-France with the support of the Consulate General Switzerland, Hong Kong and Pro Helvetia, Arts Council of Switzerland. It is also a programme of Le French May 2002 and International Museum Day 2002, Hong Kong.



To coincide with the exhibition, a series of activities will be organised. Among which there will be a lecture entitled "Giacometti in the Maeght Foundation" by the President of the Foundation Maeght-Paul-France, Mr Adrien Maeght. The lecture, conducted in French with English interpretation, will be held at the Lecture Hall of Museum of Art tomorrow (May 10) at 6 pm. Admission is free and due to space limitation, the lecture will be limited to a quota of 150 on a first-come-first-served basis. Besides, a fully illustrated catalogue will also be published and free educational pamphlet is also available.



The Museum of Art is located at 10 Salisbury Road, Tsim Sha Tsui. It opens from 10am to 6pm daily and closes on Thursdays (except public holidays). Admission fee is $10 and half-price concession is applicable to full-time students, senior citizens and people with disabilities. Admission is free on Wednesdays and during the International Museum Day 2002, Hong Kong, which will be held from May 17 to May 19 this year.

For enquiries, please call 2721 0116 or visit the Museum of Art's website at http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/hkma/.

End/Thursday, May 9, 2002

NNNN
Alberto Giacometti
圖像裡可能有室內
Institut Giacometti
19小時
[Derniers jours] L’exposition "Alberto Giacometti - Histoire de corps" rassemble des sculptures, peintures et dessins inspirés de sa femme Annette. Elle révèle l’originalité du traitement de ces figures nues, du plus grand au plus petit format.
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🔛 Alberto Giacometti - Histoire de corps
🎟️ Link in bio
📍Institut Giacometti, Paris
.
[Last days] The exhibition "Alberto Giacometti - Narrating the body" brings together sculptures, paintings and drawings inspired by his wife Annette. It reveals the originality of the treatment of these naked figures, from the largest to the smallest format.
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📸 Figurine de Londres I, Plâtre peint / Figurine of London, painted planter, 1965. Grande Femme, plâtre peint / Tall Woman, painted plaster, 1958. Grande Femme I, bronze / Tall Woman I, bronze, 1960 © Fondation Giacometti, Paris, 2019.


Hanching Chung
ondsoteprStuaigt7h9553h30u191647lml35鐘555 74t0275f95分tlt9389 ·








The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
ondsoteprStuaigt7h9551h30u191647lml35時455 74t0275f95小tlt9389 ·

Alberto Giacometti: Toward the Ultimate Figure
This exhibition features around 100 objects by Giacometti, drawn from the extensive holdings of the Fondation Giacometti in Paris and complemented by the Nelson-Atkins’ own iconic Chariot (1950)—which will receive a new look at its relationship to Giacometti’s love of Ancient art. His lifelong study of art history eloquently speaks to his search for the absolute essence of the human form.
Information and tickets here: http://bit.ly/3kfH8QD


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維基百科,自由的百科全書

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大衛·李嘉圖
David ricardo.jpg
大衛·李嘉圖
出生1772年4月18日
 英國倫敦
逝世1823年9月11日(51歲)
 英國格洛斯特郡蓋特康姆公園

大衛·李嘉圖(英語:David Ricardo,1772年4月18日—1823年9月11日),英國政治經濟學家,對經濟學作出了系統的貢獻,獲認為是最有影響力的古典經濟學家,也是成功的商人、金融和投機專家,並且積累了大量財產。劍橋大學出版有由皮耶羅·斯拉法編輯的李嘉圖通信與著作全集,共11冊(1951-1973年)。

生平[編輯]

Works, 1852

李嘉圖出生於倫敦猶太移民家庭,在十七個孩子中排行第三。14歲時跟隨父親進入倫敦證券交易所學習金融運作,為將來在股票和房地產市場的成功奠定了基礎。

1793年21歲時,拒絕了家庭的正統猶太教信仰,與貴格會信徒Priscilla Ann Wilkinson(1768年-1849年10月17日[1]) 私奔,並於1793年12月20日結婚[2],導致他與近親疏遠。他的母親很可能從此再沒有與他交談過。差不多同時,他成為了一神論派信徒。

1799年的一次鄉村度假裡,他閱讀了亞當·斯密的《國富論》,這是他第一次接觸經濟學,由此對這個學科產生了興趣。37歲的時候他完成了第一篇經濟學論文,10年後他在這一領域獲得了極高的聲譽。

李嘉圖在證券交易所的工作使他非常富有,1814年42歲時便退休了。

1819年,李嘉圖在英國國會下議院購買了一個代表愛爾蘭的席位。他占據這個席位直到51歲那一年他在自己的莊園去世。作為議員,李嘉圖支持自由貿易和廢除旨在保護英國國內農業的《穀物法》。

李嘉圖的密友詹姆士·穆勒對其政治雄心和經濟學論文寫作多加鼓勵。其他知名友人包括馬爾薩斯,他們常在協會裡辯論諸如地主的社會角色之類的問題。他也是倫敦知識分子圈子的成員,後來成為馬爾薩斯政治經濟學俱樂部國王俱樂部會員。

學術思想[編輯]

李嘉圖最著名的著作是《政治經濟學及賦稅原理》,在第一章闡述了勞動價值論,然後論證了價格不反映價值。直到去世前,李嘉圖對價值論進行了持續的研究。

這本書引入了比較優勢理論。根據李嘉圖的理論,即使一個國家在所有製造業中比其他國家更加高效,它也能夠通過專注於其最擅長領域、與其他國家的進行貿易交往而獲取利益。李嘉圖認為,工資應該自由競爭,同理也不應限制從國外進口農產品。

比較優勢的好處體現在分配和增加實際收入。在李嘉圖的理論中,分配體系包括了對外貿易的影響,外貿並不直接影響利潤,因為利潤只隨工資水平變動。它對收入的影響是良性的,因為外貿不改變商品價值。

比較優勢學說構成了現代貿易理論的基石。

亞當·斯密所見略同,李嘉圖也反對國家經濟中的貿易保護主義,特別是對農業。他相信《穀物法》——向農產品徵收關稅——會降低國內土地的產出並且使地租升高。這樣一來,大量的補貼會轉移到封建地主手裡,而遠離工業資本。因為地主傾向於將財富浪費在奢侈品上,而不是進行投資,李嘉圖相信《穀物法》會導致英國經濟停滯。 1846年,英國國會廢除了該法。 由於李嘉圖未受過高等教育,其經濟學建立於其聰穎天資和大量的商務實際經歷,與學術取向的亞當斯密有非常不同的哲學觀點,故他並沒有亞當斯密樂觀的「公私利調和論」觀點,而是精闢無顧忌的分析階級之間的利益衝突與分配.

另外一個與李嘉圖有關的思想是「李嘉圖等式」:在某種情況下一個政府應該如何支付其開銷(即稅收、發行債券或財政赤字)的選擇對於經濟沒有影響。

李嘉圖發展了有關地租工資利潤的理論。

工資理論[編輯]

李嘉圖認為,從長期來看,價格反映了生產成本,可稱之為「自然價格」。自然價格中的人力成本,是勞動者維生所需的花費。如果工資反映人力成本,那麼工資必須保持在可以維生的水平。然而,由於經濟的發展,工資水準會高於勉強維生的水準。

相對工資[編輯]

李嘉圖認為一國的產品要以地租、利潤、和工資的名義分配給三個主要社會階級。產品在三個階級間的分配比例在不同社會階段中是不同的。要正確判斷地租率、利潤率和工資率,不能根據某一階段所獲得的絕對數量,而應根據所得的相對數量,也就是根據製造這種產品所需的勞動量。

利潤理論[編輯]

李嘉圖認為,實際工資的增加會導致實際利潤的降低,因為貨物銷售的毛利可分為工資和淨利兩個部分。在論文《論利潤》中他寫道:「利潤取決於工資的高低,工資取決於生活必需品的價格,生活必需品的價格取決於食品的價格。」

李嘉圖與社會主義[編輯]

李嘉圖認為勞動才是測度價值與價格的最佳尺度,提出勞動價值理論,影響了「初期社會主義」及後來馬克思剩餘價值學說。

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71歲時,她的第二任先生過世,受老照片的啟發,讓她再度拿起相機,拍攝近100位明治時期的女性,在這之後也出了一本攝影書。97歲時,恆子在家摔斷大腿和左手臂,醫生告訴她以後不能行走了,不認輸的個性加上每天堅持做康復運動,最後恢復行走能力,又因此出版《97的好奇心女孩》一書。
持續熱愛攝影,在恆子102歲高齡時,獲得了攝影界最高榮譽-露西紀實攝影終身成就獎。
有人問恆子一生成功祕訣,她說自己從不去想年齡,年齡只是一個數字,不是限制你去做事情的理由,更別因為年齡讓自己老後的人生過得無聊且沒有意義。所以,她86歲勇敢戀愛,102歲持續玩攝影。對了,這位大女孩的保養之道,是每天晚上喝一杯紅酒(這個我喜歡)。熱愛生命的恆子最後享年107歲,她的人生就是一本最勵志的暢銷書。
(這周本慧寫的)

Tsuneko Sasamoto

Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Tsuneko_Sasamoto
Tsuneko Sasamoto (笹本 恒子, Sasamoto Tsuneko, 1 September 1914 – 15 August 2022) was Japan's first female photojournalist.
Born: 1 September 1914; Tokyo‎, ‎Japan
Died: 15 August 2022 (aged 107)

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