2025年2月10日 星期一

李忠憲談 潘霍華("朋霍費爾")牧師 (1906-1945) 《陌生的榮耀 Strange Glory: A Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer》 比邪惡更可怕的愚蠢 「愚蠢理論」(Die Theorie der Dummheit)。 Strange Glory: A Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer 《陌生的榮耀 :朋霍費爾的一生》作者 Charles Marsh (Author);Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy 作者 Eric Metaxas (Author)

李忠憲 

比邪惡更可怕的愚蠢
我在柏林歌德時老師選了好幾篇潘霍華牧師的文章,我很喜歡他的文章,他是20世紀最偉大的殉道者之一,我去倫敦的西敏寺,首先要找的就是他的雕像,西敏寺有一面二十世紀封聖的牆壁,我附的這張照片上,潘霍華牧師就是從右邊算來的第四位,左邊算來第五位是美國的黑人民權領袖金恩博士。
我二十幾歲時念到他的那篇文章:「愚蠢理論」(Die Theorie der Dummheit),至今還是受用無窮。
愚蠢的特徵是什麼?
1. 不願意承認自己錯了,拒絕接受不符合自己信念的證據,不願意隨著真相而調整觀點或改變世界觀。
2. 因怨恨或惡意而加倍堅持自己的立場,無法在與持不同意見者的辯論中保持長期耐心,對持不同意見者態度無禮或出言侮辱,僅僅因為不喜歡對方的言論而刻意唱反調。
我記得老師那時候說,包括在座的各位,大家都不喜歡他的愚蠢理論,原因是它暗示大多數人都是愚蠢的,即使是聰明人也可能愚蠢,而且愚蠢是一種性格缺陷,與固執、無知和傲慢有關——大多數人確實是愚蠢的,即便他們非常聰明。
愚蠢不是單純的智力問題,而是一種道德與心理現象,愚蠢並不等於缺乏智力。一個人可以非常聰明,但仍然表現出極端的愚蠢行為。這種愚蠢更多與人的性格、意志、群體壓力和道德選擇相關,而非智商問題。
愚蠢往往與社會結構有關,而不是個人因素,在高度集體化的社會中,人們更容易變得愚蠢,因為當個人融入群體時,他們的批判思維能力下降,轉而服從權威、迎合多數,甚至放棄獨立思考。這種群體性的愚蠢,使得人們更容易被煽動、操控,最終成為邪惡政黨的工具。
愚蠢並非單純的無知,而是一種選擇性的視而不見。愚蠢的人往往不願接受與自己立場相左的事實,即便證據擺在眼前,也會否認或忽視它。他們會以情緒化、刻板印象、陰謀論來取代理性思考,從而保護自己固有的世界觀。
我那時候看到潘霍華牧師的論述感覺最恐怖的是這一點:邪惡雖然可怕,但至少可以被抵抗,因為邪惡的人通常知道自己在做壞事。而愚蠢的人則不認為自己有錯,甚至可能真誠地相信自己在行善。
愚蠢成為一種比邪惡更難對抗的力量,因為它能輕易地被利用,甚至被邪惡操控來達成目的。愚蠢是一種性格缺陷,與固執、無知、傲慢有關。愚蠢的人通常具有僵化的思維模式,不願意改變自己的看法,即便事實已經推翻了他們的信念。
他們往往具有強烈的群體認同感,不願質疑自己所信仰的領袖或意識形態,甚至會攻擊與自己意見不同的人。
如何對抗愚蠢?
解決愚蠢的方式不是單純的知識傳播,而是建立更健康的社會文化,鼓勵批判思考與開放的討論,利用我上一篇七種致命的邏輯罪,每一次就想想自己或對方是不是犯下了這些錯誤,我想這個就是脫離愚蠢的第一步!
可能是約克大教堂和聖家堂的圖像


陌生的榮耀 

Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy Paperback – Unabridged, 2011年 8月 1日



Who better to face the greatest evil of the 20th-century than a humble man of faith?

As Adolf Hitler and the Nazis seduced a nation, bullied a continent, and attempted to exterminate the Jews of Europe, a small number of dissidents and saboteurs worked to dismantle the Third Reich from the inside. One of these was Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a pastor and author. In his blockbuster New York Times bestselling biography, Eric Metaxas takes both strands of Bonhoeffer’s life—the theologian and the spy—and draws them together to tell a searing story of incredible moral courage in the face of monstrous evil. Metaxas presents the fullest accounting of Bonhoeffer’s heart-wrenching decision to leave the safe haven of America to return to Hitler’s Germany, and sheds new light on Bonhoeffer’s involvement in the famous Valkyrie plot and in “Operation 7,” the effort to smuggle Jews into neutral Switzerland. In a deeply moving narrative, Metaxas uses previously unavailable documents?including personal letters, detailed journal entries, and firsthand personal accounts?to reveal dimensions of Bonhoeffer's life and theology never before seen.

Includes Readers’ Guide

“[A] beautifully constructed biography.” —Alan Wolfe, The New Republic

“Metaxas tells Bonhoeffer’s story with passion and theological sophistication.” —Wall Street Journal

“[A] weighty, riveting analysis of the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.” —Publishers Weekly

“Metaxas presents Bonhoeffer as a clear-headed, deeply convicted Christian who submitted to no one and nothing except God and his Word.” —Christianity Today

“Metaxas has written a book that adds a new dimension to World War II, a new understanding of how evil can seize the soul of a nation and a man of faith can confront it.” —Thomas Fleming, author, The New Dealers’ War

“Metaxas has created a biography of uncommon power—intelligent, moving, well researched, vividly written, and rich in implication for our own lives. Or to put it another way: Buy this book. Read it. Then buy another copy and give it to a person you love. It’s that good.” —Archbishop Charles Chaput, First Things

"A definitive Bonhoeffer biography for the 21st century." —Kirkus Reviews

  • 2011 ECPA Book of the Year
  • 2011 Canterbury Medal by the Becket Fund recognizing courage in the defense of religious liberty
  • 2011 Christopher Award winner highlighting the power of faith, courage, and action



Strange Glory: A Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer Hardcover – Deckle Edge, 2014年 4月 29日

 In the decades since theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) was executed by the Nazis, the story of his resistance to the Third Reich has inspired people all over the world. This biography draws on his public and private writings, which illustrate his lifelong effort to recover Christianity's true essence - from a childhood enthusiasm for theology, through periods spent in America and England, to ministry in Berlin and the decision that a moral obligation to resist state violence required him to commit treason.



In Strange Glory, the term "strange glory" refers to the mystery of God and the acceptance that we can only trust and acceptThe phrase comes from a letter that Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote to his friend Bethge while in prison. 
Explanation
https://www.americanacademy.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Marsh-Charles.png
In the book, Charles Marsh uses the phrase to capture Bonhoeffer's journey to faith and acceptance of God's will.
  • Book Review: 'Strange Glory' by Charles Marsh - WSJ
    May 30, 2014 — In another sense, though, the reference was apt, for Bonhoeffer (1906-45) was Christocentric to a secularly alarming d...
    WSJ
  • Strange Glory: A Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer


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